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NOS (New Old Stock, meaning unused inventory control early) or second-hand duct. .


First, the foregoing.


In 1904, the British Fleming has great historical significance of the invention of electronic diodes marked man entered the radio era. In the semiconductor device has not been widely used over half a century before, the bile duct in the radio communications, audio amplification, instruments and other industrial automation control play "unique" role for the progress of human civilization set the "illustrious merit. " Many people may not know that the Americans invented in 1946 the world's first electronic computer ENIAC is constituted by the more than 18,000 bile duct. .


Western Europe is one of the birthplaces of bile duct, which is also the world's highest concentration of bile production. According to incomplete statistics, the heyday of Western European biliary brand over a hundred in each of the production of all kinds throughout the world, the bile duct. With the wide use of semiconductor devices, the bile duct production plant in Western Europe as early as 20 years ago have been discontinued. Many famous brands and therefore the bile duct or changed their course or disappear. Fortunately, now you can see on a NOS of its former charm. Bile duct gradually fade out the vast majority of application areas, the General can audio piece of "Oasis" saw "match" the bile duct.


The audio tube, the people recognized the fifties or sixties of last century in Western Europe (where "Age" refer to the last century, the same below) produced by bile duct superior quality, unparalleled, some fans even the "West guts" would not listen. Some people might ask, as technology advances, the more recent products is its quality should be better. In actual fact, the production process at that time of bile duct has reached the point of pure blue, room for improvement is limited. At that time of bile duct with fiery red age, the intense competition between brands. In some areas such as national defense, instrumentation, need high-quality duct.From the 1970s onwards, the demand has been gradually fading of bile duct, the production cost can save the province, quality control is also much better than before. In Western Europe the bile duct production factory closed, some brands are also in the issue of bile ducts, but products are non-indigenous plant production, but from the "seven seas" and difficult to follow its steps, the quality is not guaranteed. In this case even some well-known brands are not immune. Therefore, to play in the bile, bile duct and solicited eyeing early product not unreasonable. Unfortunately, due to the discontinuation of the years, these inventories decreased NOS tube and rising prices, year after year. Certain brands of sound, audio tube early years already, "antique", and many owners are willing not only for collection on the machine. The "high price" is not the general bile friends can sustain. This also prompts bile friends, buy NOS tube in addition to pay attention to the brand, the need to see years and areas. Bile duct or place of late years not authentic, though well-known brand, its price is lower by a mile. Fortunately, most of Western Europe and packaging of products will be marked on the tube body origin, such as "Made in West Germany", "British Made" and other words for identification.Some of the same brand and model of bile duct, the early products, its internal structures (such as the screen, in addition to the ring, the number of support materials, etc.) and appearance, but not all the same, there are differences in the price. In addition, the famous brand often have a fake, you need to pay attention to friends of the bile.


Why many Western European brands bile duct (especially small tube) like to use white paint easily wipe away the body tag in the glass tube type, brand and origin of so called "pink word." After a series of these tubes after the easily become a "bare" control, difficult to distinguish real content. Therefore, the bile duct of the value of relationships with tags intact a great extent, perhaps a few lines on this "pink word" on the value of a few hundred dollars. Maybe people did not like contemporary people do care about this. .


Among the many brands have mutual OEM production, a brand of the bile duct is not necessarily their own. In addition, a number of Western European biliary pipe body and can be seen on the packaging, this is a BVA words British Valve Association (Association of British tubes), description of producers are members of the Association. Association members in the production of bile to follow the rules of the Association.


Second, bile duct brand. .


1. PHILIPS(Miniwatt)。.


Philips Philips brand that stand out. The lighting, small appliances, stereo television and computer accessories in China is almost everywhere. Philips, another old products - bile duct. .


Philips was founded in 1891, early in the production of light bulbs. Decades later, became the largest European manufacturer of light bulbs. In 1918, Philips bulb factory began in the production of bile in the discussion. 1920, Philips to anticipate a huge potential market of bile duct, a separate company specializing in plant production. In 1924, Philips "Miniwatt" (low power,) and has been used more than half a century, until the cut-off date.


In 1934, the main push by the Philips naming standards of Western Europe came out bile duct to unified chaotic, fragmented model of bile duct. People familiar with the ECC83, EL34 all adopts the standard name. This standard has not yet implemented can be 100 percent, but the basic approach adopted by most of the brand and has been used. .


From the 1920s to the 1980s, Philips launched a series of business operations, the territories our abilities and in grosser keeps winning. Their acquisitions or investments had dozens of bile duct, or production factory, Germany, Britain, France, the United States, Japan, Brazil, the Philippines and Yugoslavia in the past twenty-five countries to the Kingdom of bile duct production. Own hands in addition to the "Philips (Miniwatt)" brand, its also has Mullard, Valvo, Amperex, Dario, Adzam, Rogers and Philips ECG, and other brands. Philips developed in the early fifties EL34, EL84 pentode remains legendary; some of the common audio tube, such as ECC81 ~ ECC83, CCA, E88CC and SQ series also has a high reputation.Its in the United States on the basis of bile duct 12AX7 RCA, 1953 and pushed by Mullard force, at that time most ECC83 excellent tube with the model.


Philips's various companies and factories of the tube will be combined in its two lines of the side or bottom of the ID code (ie, identification codes) used to represent the pipe's origin, year of production and model. The code generally etched in the glass surface, brownish-black, not easy to erase. By Philips (Miniwatt), Valvo, Mullard brand duct appears most frequently, people often called PVM code. In fact, some of Japan's Matsushita brand Amperex and bile duct have this code. A E80F encoding "VCB-2G5". .


Philips to "Philips" and "Miniwatt" or "Philips Miniwatt" three marked to market its bile ducts are mostly produced in the Netherlands local (Made in Holland), by its subsidiary factory production abroad. This in their packaging and the pipe body text can be seen. Philips (Miniwatt) biliary fame does not seem to have big Mullard and Amperex, but its quality is beyond doubt. In the market, it often can be seen Philips ECG brand of bile duct, its origin less so: in 1959, the United States, GTE (General Telephone and Electronics) acquired Sylvania (a famous American brand of bile duct) Company. Seventies, GTE Sylvania by business will be split into several branches, of which company is responsible for the production of the bile duct ECG (Electronic Components Group).In this way, the company was the production of bile duct is stamped "ECG" brand Sylvania. Around 1980, Philips in close its European production plant, a continued u.s. markets, purchased from GTE Sylvania's ECG company together with its production plant. Bile duct brand Sylvania ECG or Cinderella the Philips ECG. The plant until the end until around 1987. After a period of time, according to legend Philips used self inventory management, the plant bought from the other duct, continued to Philips ECG brand in the sale. Many people agree that the Philips ECG of the bile duct, "not very good." The author's experience has also confirmed this point: Four years ago, the price of more than 30 yuan each to buy the 10 white boxes in 1983 annual output of green characters Philips ECG JAN 6922. Complacent when transactions that picked up cheap. Home tests only found two sets of tube and transistor parameters varied a lot more serious effects of the microphone.Used in the SRPP circuit, but there are a few of the voltage has deviated from the theoretical value reached above 7V!.


2. . MULLARD. .


Mullard transliterated as "Mr. Radi," and "cat" (regional), according to markings on its bile ducts called large shield. In fact, the common bile duct Mullard marked with two, this is the real "big shield" or as "shield"; in the 1970s, was "a pleasant, ZAO". In the same year, the British Mullard upon number of bile duct manufacturers.


Mullard by the British Captain S. . R. . Mullard was founded in 1920. Early partnership with the UK Department of the Navy primarily, the United Kingdom Royal Air Force and other industries receive and launch production of bile, to SR Mullard brand sales. .


The 1920s, with the British Broadcasting communications industry is developing rapidly, growing its business. This enables Mullard in financial and technical experience difficulties. Therefore, his half Mullard shares sold to Philips. Use Philips resources Mullard introduces low-power PM (Philips-Mullard) series. PM series tube using Philips argued by nitride coating of barium filament. The process of production of the bile duct have a significant drawback: glass tube inside a serious black (such as PM22). As the huge investment in its more advanced competitors have turned to several years after the oxide coating process, Mullard also been using the technology. When competitors show off their glass duct cleaning as bright as new when, Philips-Mullard as "Concealed", and describing its golden bile duct coated with paint which also became a feature of Mullard tubes, some anecdotal.Subsequent to the 1960s, Mullard also production of this glass surface coated with gold, gray, red bile ducts. Whether it is or in order to "perfect" or other purposes (such as shielding function), I dare not to smoke. In 1927, in order to facilitate the operation of the company, all the remaining shares Mullard sold to Philips, but remains "the British Mullard" famous brand. Until the 1980s, Philips will sell this brand to Richardson Electronics company in the United States.


The late thirties, Mullard begin production of its patented pentode. EF36, EF37, EF37A, EF50, SP13, SP13C and fliers SP2 very successful manifold. Especially low-noise, low microphone effect EF37A, used as high-quality audio voltage amplifier tubes used; high-frequency pentode EF50 was widely used in devices such as radar, radio and television. .


After entering in the 1950s, Philips may see a huge market in the United Kingdom bile duct and competition is fierce and vigorously support the development of Mullard, some of the latest model of bile duct Mullard are in volume production. In 1953, Mullard launched Philips developed EL34. This prestigious five-pole power with smash-hit original movie-high for decades. Is today's manufacturers, also called "sound closest Mullard EL34" (do not dare to say that beyond) will be proud of.


Mullard NOS early audio tube, such as EF86, ECC32 (≈ 6SN7GT), ECC33 (6SN7GT), ECC35 (CV569, 6SL7GT), ECC81, ECC82, ECC83, ECC88 and EL34, etc. all have "extraordinary skill." The early fifties which produced a long screen ribs side ring, cross the glass roof Cylinders ECC83 is the same model in one of the best of the bile duct. Of course, its price has long been a four-digit.With plastic foot protection of CV series box display (toast screen) dual triode as CV455 (ECC81), CV4003 (M8136, 12AU7WA), and CV4004 (M8137, 12AX7WA) is also a Mullard..


In the market, can still see the standard "IEC Mullard" tubes in the sale. IEC is a U.S. OEM company, bought in the sixties and seventies the right to use Mullard brand. Tubes of the brand around the world: the KT66 has been derived from the GEC; ECC8X series from India, BEL, and Japanese manufacturers. Therefore, uneven quality. Mullard also introduced a special version of the 10M series had bile duct, was first seen in the early sixties.This series of bile duct for the long pipe (10000 hours), low noise and low microphone effect and the warranty of 2 years in the case of Mullard another masterpiece, very rare.


People call the bile duct Mullard sound typical "British sound." .


3。.valvo。.


VALVO is a famous old German company, its Chinese transliteration of "Valvo" and some guts to it by the Friends had a better take the names of rich and powerful to listen to. VALVO the quality of early production of bile duct completely and Telefunken, Philips, Mullard and Siemens products comparable. According to legend, Telefunken starting from the thirties of last century began to VALVO order some bile duct and marked with their own brand sales; in 1954, Telefunken introduced the first metal is VALVO EL34 Tower replica..


C .H VALVO originated.. .F. Mueller company GmbH Hamburg. The company as early as 1914 years ago to the production of the x-ray tube, people call it "Roentgen (Rontgen)-Mueller". 1916, the company began to get involved in the production of common bile duct; 1924 Apr., Mueller established another Freres Radio-Roehren-Fabrik GmbH (RRF GmbH), dedicated to the production of radio tubes. 1926, RRF renamed VALVO also appointed gear-shaped mark. "VALVO" and the bile duct of the English word "VALVE" both are very similar pronunciation or spelling, probably inspired by the RRF from its company name. 1927, C. . H. . F. . Mueller GmbH Hamburg because of financial problems was Philips acquisition. 1932, VALVO repeat brothers "mistakes" into the Philips Group as Philips brand duct outside the "Three Musketeers" one. .


Some small tube VALVO often use trademarks of tissue paper and corrugated tube packaging. Although VALVO duct fame not very big, but its early EL34, Golden foot E88CC ECC81-83, and the audio is also widely used in pipe; its rare E80CC "waist" (glass tube in the upper part of the inset) is enlisting the object.


4. . AMPEREX. .


Amperex transliterated. Ann PRAIS ", is an American Electronic Corp Amperex. brand. The company produces the receiving, transmitting tube and some special tube. In 1955, Amperex Electronic Corp. acquired by Phillips. Thereafter, on the one hand, to expand and improve Phillips Amperex Electronic Corp. Factories in the United States, continue to produce the original species; the other hand, with Amperex brand in North America, particularly the United States market Hi-Fi quality of its European production plants bile duct. .


"Amperex" itself is a registered trademark. Therefore, most of the early Amperex cholangitis regardless of the packaging and the pipe body are only "Amperex" and model. As a high quality pipe (Premium Quality), coupled with "PQ" tag. PQ is an improved version of the standard tube, low noise, high reliability and long service life. At that time, it is mainly used for industrial, instrumentation and electronics, etc..


About the late fifties, Amperex introduced praised "Bugle Boy" (literal translation is: Speaker boys) series, continuing for about ten years. The icon is a boy (the embodiment of bile duct) in blowing a trumpet with both hands, that is, people delight in talking about the trumpet series was. According to information on, "trumpet" local control mainly from the Netherlands, a few other members from Phillips in the United Kingdom and France Dario Mullard factory.At the factory, each duct for 24 hours at full load, and then use that aging best Spectrum Analyzer Hewlett Packard 3561A test noise and microphone effect. Each pipe factory are accompanied by a "birth certificate" to indicate that the measurement parameters such as pipe screen flow, gate, transconductance, microphones, effects, filament current, total harmonic distortion, etc. Thus, the "trumpet" NOS pipe if there is no "birth certificate", at the very least questionable whether it is authentic.


Claim that there is: Phillips to launch high-quality trumpet Amperex brand "series duct is to chase the deer and its competitors such as Telefunken great American Hi-Fi market. Therefore, the Phillips family of bile duct are the top products, and basically Audio common tube. One of the most famous was undoubtedly the ECC83, ECC88 and EL34..


After 1970, the bile ducts to switch to Orange Amperex "the Earth" tag that Earth Jimmy ", since the 1970s, bile production began gradually atrophy. Amperex "Earth heat" sources have also become unclear. Some pipe marking is the Netherlands, is actually a Japanese Matsushita. But objectively speaking, Japan's Matsushita products and exactly where to go, because the factory is built by Mullard. In General, "the Earth mark Amperex" duct did not bring surprises.


Around 1980, Philips withdrew from the IEC Mullard brand use rights, and its production in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, assets and Mullard, Amperex brand sold to the United States Richardson Electronics, Ltd. . The company continues to produce, sell Amperex brand of bile duct, but the quality will be more difficult to clear. .


5。.Telefunken 。.


May 27, 1903, two rival newspapers dedicated to radio Slaby-Arco and Braun-Siemens Kaiser Wilhelm II at the suggestion of marriage, the establishment of a new Telefunken radio reported Ltd. This is the German law of the wind root) of the predecessor. Telefunken from the German word Tele (distance) and funken (radio communications) combination. Is a trademark of Telefunken two different periods. .


A century in radio and television, Telefunken and communication, navigation and navigation system, military radar systems, mobile radio systems, high-frequency heating generators, measuring equipment, electronic listening system, home radio installations, electronic components and parts, such as successes. Here's a few things: "the war" period, the Telefunken first capacitor microphone, the first real vacuum bile; established the first radio station in Germany. In Hans Bredow serving Telefunken, known as the father of radio broadcasting. In 1928 the first television show in Germany; in 1935 invented the first tape recorder; in 1936 for the invention of television cameras broadcast the Berlin Summer Olympic Games caused a sensation; in 1956, Germany introduced the first transistor radios. Telefunken and Siemens also said the two giant German electronics industry. .


Bile production has been in business for master Telefunken. "World war" period, as a result of the production equipment was severely damaged, the loss of technical staff, the production was stopped. In 1945, the Telefunken re-opened "stove" until the discontinuation of the plant. ...


In the bile sector, Telefunken brand can be described as Ruleiguaner, known to everybody. The audio characteristics of tube sound Tianrun balance is delicate, full of musical taste; look exquisite workmanship; high reliability and long life; effect of low noise and microphone. Bile industry recognized early Telefunken ECC83 is the same type of bile duct most Jiang Sheng.ECC801S, ECC802S, ECC803S, E88CC, CCa, ECC808, EF804S, EF806S, EL34, EL156 ... just a bunch of bright Pearl, play as the bile to light up the eyes. As each step, "boasts! according to its Web site describes the Telefunken EL34 draws EL156 design essence, has a higher output power, the thermal characteristics of a good, long life and beautiful sound, only the EL34 can Mullard. Used Telefunken tubes, bee "A Better Tomorrow." Of course, most of the bile enthusiasts, Telefuken of NOS tubes it is your "dream" elusive:. .


"Telefunken" tag of the bile duct is not necessarily the Telefunken original factory production, because it sometimes to other manufacturers buy duct on your own. For example, the Siemens Telefunken order EZ81; ordered to EL84 RFT. I have a pair of E80F is Philips. No "Telefunken" tag is not a Telefunken bile duct is not necessarily original production, as some did not have bile duct factory plant sales company or Dan Ji as Dynaco, Fisher Telefunken factory to the OEM order. There is another situation that unscrupulous traders of counterfeit Telefunken products. Telefunken factory producing glass duct middle plane of its pins with a prism "◇" tag, usually the first prism corner pin point between the foot and the last kick.In fact, these lozenges itself is the epitome of Telefunken tag. In addition, many of the original Canal Telefunken pipe body at the bottom of the glass with a blue-gray band. The word "powder", the original handwriting is extremely easy to wipe away some fake carreer.


6. . Siemens. .


Its Chinese name is Siemens.


Siemens was established in 1847 from the same year, the pointer telegraph invention of the production started. Siemens main business is the construction of the first long-distance telegraph cable line (including the laying of submarine cables) and workstations. After 150 years of hard work, Siemens today from a small workshop into a set of automation and control, information and communication systems, electric power, transportation, lighting, household appliances and medical equipment and many other industry leading multinational group. Only its employees in China had more than 2 million people. In the long historical process, Siemens has created a number of "world."The electrical conductivity is in the "Siemens" as a unit.


As early as the beginning of the last century, Siemens will set foot in the production of incandescent bulbs. Because the production of light bulbs and duct many things in common, Siemens first became involved in bile production is also very natural. Mark its launch in 1936, and now see slightly different. From the available information and the market situation, it seems Siemens is not the year the number of large production of bile, some of the common bile duct models have "lack", such as the 6SN7, 6SL7 and so on. But this does not affect the bile duct Siemens to become a famous brand of Western Europe. .


Siemens glass transparency the bile duct is very good, fine, very "big brother" Telefunken style. It's not surprising that he has a Siemens Telefunken 50 per cent of the shares, it can be said that the two companies have been "relatives". The company is in control of the noise and microphone effect also. Siemens .CCa E88CC tubes of. is very common in our country, the price is moderate, the author has only ten Collections. This is my favorite brand of the same model. Not to mention its superior sound quality, just look at the sand like gold feet, large black spots and small size in addition to gas form, people on foot at first sight. Siemens gate control in the production of such frameworks has extensive experience: in 1926 began production of its submarine cables had frame grid tube amplifier. Legend of Siemens's CCa tube production longer than the Telefunken's much earlier, but the latter better known Bale. In addition, Siemens filament power supply during such control will be an instant flash, it was called the "burst of fireworks."Its purpose is to make bile reaches normal cathode temperature as soon as possible, to reduce toxic cathodic "," raising the tube life. This characteristic of the bile duct is especially suitable for semiconductor circuit (other brands of some models also have this kind of bile duct).


7 GEC, Marconi-Osram, Genelex ... .... .


1886, two German nationals Byng and Hugo Hirst has established a partnership in the UK, The Company General Electric Apparatus), 1889 was renamed as The General Electric Co.. Ltd., (General Electronics Co., Ltd.), known by GEC, headquartered in London, United Kingdom. In 1893, GEC begin investing production bulb; 1909 the bulb company named OSRAM-GEC. People often will the United States, GE, GEC and confused, in fact they are "irrelevant," the two companies. .


GEC initial main production of civilian electronic products particularly light bulbs and lighting equipment, during World War II, GEC are military radio zero devices and equipment, lighting equipment, etc. GEC's Marconi-Osram Valve Company (Marconi-OSRAM valve company, hereinafter referred to as MOV) is dedicated to the bile duct. From the sixties onwards, GEC continuous acquisition, merger a number of companies such as RAI, AEI (a bile duct brand), English Electric, etc., becomes a British national defense, civilian light and heavy industry as a giant. In 1999, GEC was renamed Marconi plc, Marconi shares listed companies). .


MOV is by Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co.. Marconi's wireless telegraph company) and GEC (Osram) in 1919 and in the UK. Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company is an Italian Marconi (Marconi) owned by the company. Marconi is the founder of modern radio one (the former Soviet Union, Popov). Nineteenth century, the nineties, he was under Maxwell (Maxwell) theory, in Hertz (Hz) on the basis of experimental results, on the practical application of electromagnetic wave wireless made a lot of research and trial and success. February 1901 First of all sides of the Atlantic achieved in long-distance (198 miles) of the radio transmission. In 1937, Marconi died (63 years), the world's radio stations off the air two minutes silence whom. "OSRAM" from Osmium (Os) and Wolfram (tungsten) two English words.Osmium tungsten filament bulb is made of metallic materials. "OSRAM" as the three companies in Germany (AEG, Siemens & Halske AG, Auer-Gesellschaft), set in bulb company name. Also in the market to see OSRAM brand (for the German Siemens company owns) light bulbs and other lighting equipment.


Prior to the establishment in the MOV, GEC of the bile duct as the earliest R series. . By OSRAM-GEC bulb factory and production. Later, by the MOV specialized marketing. From the year of view, MOV is the first one of the companies involved in bile production, its history is the history of the rise and fall of a bile duct, MOV whom adds a colorful. MOV's three well-known KT Series bile community radio beam tetrode even more support to their former glory. MOV why named KT, here on camera:. .


Transistor because interelectrode capacitance greater cannot work in high frequency; grid on the screen of the shield is not perfect does not further increase the zoom factor. Later, they were found in the grid and the screen mesh electrode between joining a (that is, the curtain gate) to overcome this shortcoming, and this is normal. But this will have a four-pole tube "secondary electron emission" makes the screen characteristic curve starting segment, seriously affecting its normal work. Therefore, in the shade between the gate and the screen mesh plus one electrode (inhibits the grid) to suppress the "secondary electron emission" so that the screen characteristic curve starting segment becomes smooth. The bile duct is called. However, there is a pipe, but it does not inhibit the tube inside the gate with two sets with cathode connected to radio board also can effectively control the "secondary electron emission." Because of its work, the cathode electron beam radio-like fly screen was very, it is called beam shot tetrode. This tube better than the pentode overall performance, it is suitable for power amplification. KT is "Kinkless Tetrode" stands for the phrase "no bending of the 4 diodes", meaning "screen is not very characteristic curves of initial segment of the fluctuating quadrupole tube", that is, four-tube radio beam. .


In the 1930s, Philips has five poles of Mullard tubes franchise; beam shot four pole tube first by GEC in 1933, but because at that time, the production difficulties cannot be transferred to the United States in volume production and RCA. Therefore, the beam injection four-pole tube production right to GEC and RCA all together. RCA introduced around 1935 6L6 beam tetrode after the shooting, GEC of the MOV to be outdone, launched in 1938 to contend with KT66; KT88 and 1957 launch of the 6550 United States TungSol to battle; launched in 1959 against the Mullard KT77 The EL34. According to reports, MOV KT88 is the classic standards of the British military production, which shows the high quality, no wonder the sky is the limit. KT88 GEC's production from 1957 to about 1976.In 1982, but once the reproduction quality "is not what it was, in 1988 the" nothing ".


According to market needs, MOV's bile duct to MOV, Marconi, Osram, MWTCo, GEC, Genelex, Marconiphone, Gold Lion mark. For example: is marked as "Genelex" KT88 is mainly sold in the United States, to avoid the GE brand GEC and the United States confused the allegedly infringing. .


8。.STC Mazda、Brimar。.


British STC (Standard Telephone & Cables Ltd..) The Chinese name of "Standard Telephone and Cable Co., Ltd.", the main business, as its name, is also a major supplier of British military. With the United States, GE, WE, RCA and the United Kingdom and other companies BTH inextricably linked. Back in 1911, STC has acquired the U.S. company GE's patented tungsten. STC's production of the main bile duct by its subsidiary The Edison Swan Electric Co. . Ltd. .Responsible to STC, Mazda, Ediswan and Brimar (also known as zebras), and other brand on the market. Mazda originated from Western Zoroastrian gods Ahura Mazda's name; Ediswan by Edison (Thomas Edison) and Swan two name combination; Brimar Made from British American Range (United Kingdom, the United States series production). From 20 years onwards, Mazda and Ediswan STC has been the two major brands; Brimar when there are can not be determined, some information from the point of view, at least no later than 40 years. Early sixties, STC duct manufacturing operations included in Thorn-AEI Radio Valves and Tubes Ltd. . Operation. .


STC in the UK and France are equipped with the factory. Most of the early duct, originating in the United Kingdom is more than the later in France. Many of the STC bile production techniques are from another one of the birthplaces of bile duct, together with the United States military of the strict requirements and rich production experience, the quality of its bile ducts are first-class in Western Europe. Today's praise is Mazda's 12AX7S, screen 12AX7, ECC802S, Brimar 6V6G; the word "6SN7GT, T series, triangular trade-in approach would" CV series and Flying Lead (flexible leader) SQ series. Brimar its Flying Lead Series the bile duct had many improvements to the internal structure, with flexible lead pin is also unique to improve the reliability. The series features low noise and microphone effects, high reliability, life expectancy more than 10,000 hours. Typical representatives CV4069 (12AU7), CV4035 (12AX7). Brimar has also introduced over a very rare ECC807, transconductance 2. .4 MA / V, amplification factor of 150.This is by far the author know zoom factor Max little nine-foot double triode, circuits can be substituted for two EF86 pre-amplifier. 1951, Brimar has an advertisement said most of the UK's largest aircraft use of bile duct, "Brimar its strength, demonstrated.


Western Europe is the place where dragons and tigers are hiding the production of bile, the article did not mention brands, such as Germany, Lorenz, and WF, the United Kingdom Teonex, Cossor and EEV, Italy Fivre and ALE, Sweden's Ericsson, France, the RT is also very superior quality, such as bile duct, is rare in today's market only. Some company's brand, he has no manufacturing plants, pure by OEM business, bile duct from the parties, but also when not included.In addition, Western Europe, the former East German brands in China is RFT, but with the former Soviet Union led by the Eastern European bloc more relevant, quality has also been seen low, cannot compete with these brand. companies .pilips serves under somebody's banner Code tube Manufacturing:.


Philips's usually in the various companies and factories are in the pipe factory with a string of ID codes. . This code is etched into the glass over, and therefore difficult to eliminate one but engraved on. . Usually they were black or brown with a copper sheen. . Because in the Philips / Valvo / Mullard tubes of the most vulnerable, often referred to as PVM code. .


Familiar with the classic vacuum tube know PVM code is judging you tube demands, s, version of the best methods. leave because of previous business hours there mutual OEM, OEM production situation, so may be how tubes or call TFK Siemens printing, but is in fact a British factory manufacture Mullard, this time it must rely on PVM code from judging the tubes actual production, s, version, so I can say is, the number of PVM pipes "identity card". No matter what is printed on the tube printing, even with no print, as long as the tube has PVM code, you can know the actual pipe factory, age, version. .


PVM Code on tube: 。.


PVM code format can refer to the following example to explain: (in a E88CC example). .


^ "Why the PVM:.


7L1. .


R8E1。.


1. . 7L said E88CC, which of the two figures is the Philips tube-shaped internal code number. . Mullard's EL34 others such as the code is xf. .


2. 1 this position will have a digital or letters, the Philips internal market for the same model of pipe, different versions of unify.


3. . R The position is the production of the factory code:. .


4: Philips Eindhoven factory in the Netherlands.


The right are oblique triangle: Philips Netherlands Heerlen. .


R: British Mullard Mitcham.


B: Mullard England Blackburn. .


D: Valvo Germany Hamburg.


Other should be there, but are uncertain. .


4. ^ 8 is year, ' table ' 58, 68, 78 ', or ' 88 (unlikely!) so you can only know the actual year end digital, but also participate in other online cable according to the judgment.


5. . E said the students plant the month in January for the A counting sequence, it is not possible after the letter L appears. .


6. 1 indicates that the device is the first week of health works, so I do not how should more DVD-5.


Siemens 6922 generally divided into three transverse dark yards, two letters or numbers per line. .


A? Siemens plant internal organ pipe code.


1 ≠ 1 is the first generation, ≠ is Munich (Mounic) plant. .


2E 1962 the fifth week.


Secret code VR0 * 0B, VR is the 7308 number, VR 0 0 after the batch of 7308 (morning and the first batch), * New York, said amperex foreman, 0B, said 60 years in February. .


A vase of Anji 7L6 * 2B is a 2D 7L6 * pet:.


7L is 6922/E88CC the bile duct coding. . 6, 6922, said sixth product. .


* Denotes Amperex New York Factory code. 2 represents the 1962 production, D B is February, is in April.


Bottle out of the body with acid corrosion is Amperex 208,216 unique tags that the factory's products and is the first weeks of the year. .


208 mean 1962 the first 8 weeks of production.


216 means the first 16 weeks of 1962 produced. .


According to the frosted words recognizable Amperex tube s, regardless of the Netherlands or the United States follow this Amperex tubes: rules.


61 years 1xx. .


60 years-0xx.


59 years Ixx. .


58 years Hxx.


57 years GxxUX-250 unknown. .


In fact, UX-250 is more than WE300B. WE300B is improved from 1938 WE300A comparable UX-250 10 years later. Although more than 50 manufacturers, unlike 300B only unlocks the production of electricity, but now almost disappeared.


250 You a unique feature that it is the transformer coupling Youyu Tuidong circuits design, Suo Yi Shang in the electrode design of some of the defects exist Zhao - it's gate circuit Dianzu 不可以 more than 10 thousand Europe. This circuit design to its challenges, abroad, many experienced radio enthusiasts are in the application circuit design 250 as a key technology beyond its mandate, which is a lot of fans and the value of senior foreign 250 tubes of the main reasons. .


250 sound evaluation are magnificent, open, soloist, sound, pleasant, melodious sounding bass equalization, and high school, which also details and characteristics of 250 tubes. Abroad had a lover, detailed test him for 50 amplifiers feature. He used the RCA 6C8G as SRPP circuit promoting RCA 71A RCA through the transformer coupling drive 50 (ST), double-530 v power supply transformer, through a pair of 81 (ST), pipe the output voltage of rectifier, 550 volts, 50-tube for subsistence bias 83 volts, screen current 55 Ma. In accordance with the Manual on the 50 parameters, this time not more than 5 watts output power. In fact, the maximum power to 15 watts, 8 watts output power at the time, the whole harmonic distortion of less than 10% gain from 10HZ to 20KHZ - not the average frequency of less than 3dB! For a straight A single-tube heat tube amplifier, this indicator has been quite satisfactory. And future generations of the tube even compared favorably.15 watts maximum power reserve, let the amplifiers in high-sensitivity giant speakers, replay prepared Symphony also big rich expressiveness without dynamic problems. At the same time compare another amplifiers use 1940s product WE300B power tube, electron tube with the 40 's, WE310A 1950s WE274A tube rectification, faux WE-91 amplifiers circuit plus 5dB of negative feedback, 300B screen voltage 430 volts, self-sufficiency bias 72 72 volts, screen flow ±400 Ma, measurement of the maximum output power of 15 watts. Two amplifiers from the measured electrical parameters of both the actual audition or experience are equally matched, so seems no less than 50 tube 300B. .


Impedance tube.


Damping control is a high vacuum diode area, and we often have access to the tubes. .


Impedance tube and common contact rectifiers are differentiated. First of all, the impedance tube work in pulse circuit, at the moment there is a high voltage and large current flowing through the tubes, the internal resistance of the impedance tube at the same time is also very small.


Early in television development, and no special damping control, and no dedicated line output transistor. The most common line of the output pipe is 807, the most commonly used damping control is 5V4. 5V4 is high current full-wave rectifier, the output tube used as a time line is very parallel use of two screens, and other rectifier comparison, 5V4 is The most appropriate model. 5Y3, 80,5 W4, etc. The pressure tube is not high enough, as the damping of possession of ignition possible. 5Z3, 5R4 tube despite a relatively high pressure, but because of relatively large internal resistance, which is not shared. 5V4 rectifier tube as a damping tube suitable than other. .


As the TV set and technological progress, 807 is no longer a TV set with a maximum number of rows output tube, no longer as 5V4 impedance tube. The United States after World War II has developed and pioneered 6U4GT 6W4GT is used as an impedance tube TVs, subsequently have come out, such as vacuum tubes 6AX4 as early television in many of the impedance tube. At the Philips Corporation is EY81, PY81, damper tube EY88 etc has been very widely used. Our products include 6Z18 and 6Z19, are similar to the pipe.


Observation of these tubes, there are several significant features. .


First of all, these pipes! is next to the hot tube, because the TV is often used in tandem with the filament, and damping should be filled with very high transmission efficiency, these causes are beside the impedance tube heat pipe. And impedance tube filament are special varieties, for cathode pressure resistance than other side heat pipe is much higher.


Secondly, the damping control of large cathode, filament current is large, and the screen is also very large screens are used very very deposited ferric screen. This can allow more damping control pulse current, which does not produce overheating. hi. .


F in addition, some of the impedance tube in order to allow a higher pulse voltage, grid Cap led cathode. This is to prevent the pipe, block it prone to the phenomenon of igniting. Hi-Fi.


Damping control can be used among ordinary rectifier can get good results. Such as homemade 6Z18, 6Z19 tube, it is very suitable for the circuit, some friends home-made amplifiers used in the damping tube rectifier, good results. Thus some traders will be cheaper as a high damping control high current rectifier for sale, of you need lots of attention to this problem. We often experience a phenomenon, especially in 6K4 the most common, that there is oscillation, the replacement tube be resolved. 6SK7 into this phenomenon is also visible.This is because the tube using a long, cross-channel capacitance becomes large, although this phenomenon of electron tube emission characteristics are still good, but as a high-frequency voltage tubes, cross-channel Capacitance to achieve a certain level is invalid. This phenomenon of electron tube, lowers curtain gate voltage and the screen voltage and increased use of cathode resistor. Once said that in the RCA company tube development history two similar phenomena. The first is the 1928 and 1929 UX-250 UX-245, another is a 1937 1937 6L6 and 6V6.


In 1937, RCA Corporation reduced 6L6, 6V6 created by the beam radio structure, the same outstanding performance. Let 6V6 tube moment a majority of the competing radio enthusiasts to use new varieties. At that time, next to the hot low-power tube and the main products are 6F6 6K6, the two tubes used in radios is very appropriate. Comparing the two, 6F6 slightly to widespread use of some, mainly due to larger power 6F6. The 6V6 power can be larger, and 6V6 power sensitivity than 6F6 large, while the prices of both are similar, so many amateurs use 6V6.In addition, there is a reason for the high-frequency vibrations 6V6, modulation, emission is very appropriate. So not only amateurs, many professional manufacturers in their own transmitters also spent 6V6, such as the 400 Watt HF BC-610-shock transmitter using 6V6, multiplier is 6L6. The 40 's, 6F6, 6K6, 6V6 this several small power tube in a production application in the radio, 6K6 province electricity, many manufacturers 6F6, excellent 6V6. Have their own characteristics, into one. At that time, our products radio also with 6V6..


After the liberation, our first production plant in Nanjing 6V6GT tube tube. There was no production of 6F6 and 6K6 is also based on a number of considerations. 6V6GT performance, replace the two tubes without any problem. Standard varieties for production and maintenance have many many benefits. So our only production 6V6GT tube. 6. .


Some people think that the sound quality better than 6V6GT 6P1, in fact, this is a matter of opinion. Two main characteristics of pipe, almost exactly the same, but the characteristic curve and some of the parameters are different. In General, differences in general use have no impact. There are always some friends think different structures, different materials have different sound tube, I don't think so. Many precision instruments, electronic equipment and ultra-high frequency (UHF), with the same model by different manufacturers of vacuum tubes to replace, as long as the original, there is no difference. Unless the "master" ears than instrument more precision.


6V6 structure:. .


6V6 tube products from different manufacturers have relatively large differences, combined with the manufacturer, so there is a lot different. Here just to say 6V6GT:.


China and the Soviet Union products: including Nanjing and the dawn of the Soviet Union Siweitela that, Novosibirsk and other brands. Using the press molding of semi-elliptical polar nickel-plated iron screen, using comb core columns, the bottom of the degassing of the Soviet Union over the wall spray thick graphite products in China and some spray and some do not spray, the Soviet Union more than a signal gate pipe coating Nickel graphite heat sinks, while some of our country and some have not. .


The United States and Japan use a semicircle of 6V6GT screen, nickel, iron and aluminum-iron. Advanced Japanese products using half elliptical aluminum-iron screen, transparent wall, up to the top of the core column, except for the gas.


For 6P6P, the glass is sprayed carbon is very important. Test showed that the glass spray tubes of carbon than carbon tube shell is not stable spray many. If there is no carbon injection, there may be some electron impact to the glass shell, the secondary radiation caused by the glass, while glass and the different potential causes the glass tube discharge phenomenon occurred, resulting in blue light and noise. Second glass tube radiation may affect the characteristics of parameters, so spraying carbon 6P6P better than transparent.Some of Japan's late 6V6GT no carbon injection, do not know whether it is designed with a special technique, if you do not have a special design, do not spray carbon carbon tubes 6V6GT than injection well..


If it is used in high-frequency oscillation. Core column or tube with plate better, if it is used for pulse circuits or other circuits with gate current, the signal gate of the heat sink is very useful. The factory should be designed, we usually do not consider. .


Many of the very famous circuits are used in the tubes, the 6V6 push State use effect is extremely good, typically Chia 1 class, the output power of 10 Watts or so, this is a lot of ground radio an circuit mode, if a and b 2 types of work under the conditions of work, greater power can, of course, from a quality point of view, there is generally no such use of our own. Standard-single-output power greater than 2A3, very well.


Another point, 6V6 triode connected in the sound is very good, open-loop distortion. Use the same output transformer conditions, can be better low frequency. Although only 1 watt output power is about, if you want to promote a small volume of headphones or listening, is very appropriate. .


6V6 's life is very long, in normal use conditions, there are thousands of hours without problems.


In my own experience, my 6V6 triode power amplifier connected in a single tube: the supply voltage at 290 volts, the cathode resistance of 350 ohms, using transistor rectifier, there is no means of warm boot. Since 1990 has, on average about 50 hours per month, no replacement tube, using the appearance of Nanjing in 1964 6P6P still has a good, slightly lower radiation can Suiran, but still within the normal limits. Excellent performance of the foot can be seen. .


Tube: 6X5.


I love should be considered as a rectifier. In 1933, in order to meet the needs of the growing popularity of the car radio, RCA has developed a 84 next to the thermal rectifier, a widely used modern low-power next to the hot full-wave rectifier of the predecessor. In 1936, RCA has developed a 6X5 metal tube, 1937, there 6X5G glass, metal tube in 1938 came another 6X5GT.At that time there was an interesting phenomenon, common radio diode most still use 80, etc., but 5Y3 seldom adopt 6X5, 6X5 for car radios in rectifying a particularly large number of uses. Car radio shock device can output a 200V * 2, 50MA high-frequency alternating current, next to the thermal diode and tubes can also be used together with a battery power supply. Therefore, low-power thermal diode next to the clock, Dan 6X5G/GT rectifier tubes of tube structure. Different manufacturers and different years were used, respectively, from the tube structure design point of view of school performance of three structures vary, but generally they do not consider the use of these differences. .


The first is from top to bottom, two vertical distribution of the diode, which is early 84 tubes used by the constructor, this structure is characterized by a layer in the middle of the Mica, and mechanical structures and the electrode is not secure, efficient space within the electrode design size cannot be larger. Use of this structured tubes with WESTINGHOUSE's 6X5G, Sylvania's 6X5G/GT, CBS-Hytron 6X5G/GT, etc. of the tube.


The two structures are very equal distribution of the two semi-cylindrical screen of a cathode, the benefits of this structure is able to save the middle of the mica, the electrode is also more solid mechanical structure. However, the level of equal distribution of the cathode because it is so great can only reach half the screen width of the die. Raytheon, Bendix, RCA's 6X5G/GT tube structure of the majority in this'. .


The three structures similar to our common 6Z4, China and the Soviet Union, equal 6Z5P products most used this kind of structure, this is also the most advanced full-wave rectifier tube constructed next to the heat. Europe and EZ80, 6X4 etc rectifiers are this structure.


In the 6X5, the little power next to the heat rectifier tube more and more popular, 50 years later, the majority of European production of radios are used next to the heat pipe rectifier. After 60 years of China's radio, basically all use 6Z4 rectifier. .


Tube of Tuning Indicator-tuned pipe direction.


Precision measuring instruments and advanced communication equipment used indicators are based on the moving coil meter, but the moving coil meter prices have been relatively expensive. In order to widely used radio to have a beautiful and rich decorative low indicator, the United States in 1935, RCA developed a tuning indicator tubes 6E5. .


Common tuning instructions tube.


6E5 RCA developed in 1935. .


6G5/6U5/6N5 RCA development in 1936.


g6H5 Raytheon developed in 1936. .


6T5 Arcurus-Raytheon-Sylvania development in 1937.


1629 RCA developed in 1941. .


Which should be applied to most 6E5 early and most widely-tuned pipe, China also has production. 6E5 is sharp cut-tuned pipe, indicates that the instructions are very sensitive to a normal radio. Early 6E5 are six foot glass tube, electron tube later 6E5G etc instead of eight legs, but their basic characteristics are the same.


6U5, 6N5 are closed-type remote control tuning instructions, and the sharp end of the tuning control different, they work to adapt the signal voltage is very wide, very suitable for large signal changes at the occasion, such as multi-level high-frequency or intermediate frequency amplifiers receiver. Can also be used for normal radio, but not as good as 6E5 beautiful, because green light is often not close. .


We ordinary 6E1-tuned pipe, and the European directive of EM80 identical, European EM81 and EM80, fluorescent control grid structure with minor differences, EM80 is Philips Group in the years 1952-1953, American model developed is 6BR5. This tuning instructions easy tube, so popular in the 1960s, began the production of radio in Europe, in the above 60 age early Beijing tube mill 6E1 tubes. Then, as the very popular tuning indication tubes are widely used in radio..


Another one of the most common tuning control is 6E2, 6E2 is a very advanced tuning indicator tubes. And the same in Europe EM84, EM84 1959, the Dutch company Philips developed a new tuning indicator tubes, unlike the previous product, the tube screen is coated directly on the glass, so there will be a higher brightness and a longer life. And easy to get a better electrical performance, China's production of 70 widely used 6E2 to do all kinds of radio tuning instructions, some good friends that as 6E1. Is not true, 6E2 than 6E1 good many of these tubes.Japan produces 6R-E13 EM84 named as 1962 Japan electric industrial products.


Invite you to pay particular attention to the following:. .


European production of tuning instructions, likes cross structure, I do not know which, probably, and religious belief. European tuning instructions tube originated in the Netherlands, Philips Group developed in 1936, EM1 AM1, later widely used is the EM4, UM4 type, etc., which you mentioned, EM11 type.


1950, E11 \ E41 series of tubes used in various high-level reception machine, in the 1953-1954 period, Philips EM4-type tuned pipe phase-out, EM11-based products as an alternative to it. .


In 1950, China and all the socialist countries have the economic and trade relations. European series valves also has a small amount of imports. Czechoslovakia's Tesla, democratic Germany RFT, Hungary Tissot ssih, and so on some of the production of valves and other European capitalist country manufacturers such as Philips subordinate British MULLARD Tissot ssih, France, Great Britain, France, MA-RT up to VALVO, and AEG, the Federal Republic of Germany under the TELEFUNKEN, Siemens, and so on electron tube of the same models can be used interchangeably.


Beijing seems to have stores you can buy at a number of socialist countries in Europe with a tube radio production, despite the small number and type are not complete, but among them EM11, like Tesla products. .


In addition to a filament, EM11 and UM11 is exactly the same. Don't know your the tube is a transparent glass, you can see the internal structure.


Tuning indicator tubes generally the shortest life tube. Life is usually 1000 hours, and used most of the tuning tube life depleted. 6E2 also slightly better kind, it is generally better not to buy second-hand goods as well. .


Tube: tube 80..


1927, widely used in the exchange of radio background, came into being 80 rectifier. This tube tube called one of the longest production history. Not only the quantity, yield, manufacturers abound. Needless to say, a wide range of uses on the radio, amplifiers, transmitters, electronic equipment can all see it's shadow. China also has large production, China's Nanjing Electron Tube Factory, 80 production, which was later renamed 5Z1P. Exactly the same as the performance of 80 5Y3GT, 5Z2P. # |. .


In the early days of amateur radio testing, almost 100 per cent are 80 rectifier, 80 tubes therefore also very popular. We can see that the early 280 appearance is very beautiful, elegant beauty. From an aesthetic perspective, personally think that the most attractive Thunder ER280 because its screen is a Word, although early vacuum-tube screen extreme pressure and words are not uncommon, but Thunder company pipe is mostly grey Nickel carbide, pressing the screen is very clear words.


From the 30's, the tubes are reforms ST, mechanical properties much better than before, with 80 production are more popularized, to accommodate more growth in demand. Probably in the 70's, 80 to stop production. 40 years history of production in the history of electronic devices be very distant. .


The development of Japanese tubes, improving u.s. pipe has become a tradition. Japan original tube 80K, 80S, 80BK, 80HK is 80. 80S is current 80 tubes, you can provide close to current 5Z3P. 80K is 80 of Bourbon, similar to 5Z4P. 80BK and 80HK are half-wave rectifier. Hair.


Even now, 80 is not difficult to buy. However 1N4007 price is too competitive, 1A of current and 80 more that 125MA, illustrated the problem. .


And then one more point, some friends of assembling electronic device that you want to use direct tube rectification, we looked all over 80. In fact, take a look at some of Europe's 80 tubes, such as the British BRIMAR products, you can see that in addition to the PIN and 5Z2P different, exactly the same. Therefore, if you do not find 80 and to direct the rectifier, 5Z2P surrogate does not have any problem, do not have a psychological burden. $。.


Tubes: RCA UX-250 power transistor. .


As the first specifically designed for audio power amplifier design tubes, it created a dedicated audio amplification tubes into the 21st century.


In 1928, WESTINGHOUSE company by virtue of their low-frequency power amplification in the technical superiority, has developed a dedicated audio power amplifier tube UX-250, RCA Corporation as a supplier to RADIOTRON of brand names. UX-250 tubes at the time mainly as high-quality audio power amplifier with a power tube amplifiers being used for public broadcasting. At that time the most used power tube is UX-210, I have also introduced 210.250 operating current than 210 large, low internal resistance. Well suited for use in audio power amplification. .


In the 1920s, the United States each tube manufacturers also have production S-50 tubes. The most common is the CUNNINGHAM, CUNNINGHAM and RCA's relationship I re-iterate that WESTINGHOUSE's OEM products, quality is naturally very high. Another very big brand is 450 of DEFOREST, de Vries-as the inventor of the vacuum tube, manufacturing technology, of course, away from the Pack. In addition, the MAJESTIC CARDON, SYLVANIA, manufacturers of products are also very good.


Into the thirties, ST tubes began to replace the S tube. ST manufacturers have started making all of 50, prices began to mass. .


At that time is really expensive UX-250, a 1920s RCA accessories store advertising, indicate that the price of some of the pipe. Among them, the most expensive UX-250 is $ 11, $ UX-245 is 2. Visible, the noble status UX-250 around for a long time. Cheap UX-245 was a lot of people's choice, and later became the popular 2A3 model, which is also easy to save little UX-250 tubes. 2A3 tube:.


In the early 30s, had not yet launched beam tetrode, triode or the heyday of the American company RCA WESTINGHOUSE improve the development in the late 20's UX-245 power tube, introduced 2A3 power tubes. Upon introduction of this control is widely used in various occasions, as the early 30's most famous low power tube. Variety of RCA's top radios with RCA 2A3 as a push-pull power output. All manufacturers have also made the Soviet Union and Europe also have similar products come out, come out and have a variety of distortion products.Today, you can still find the RCA, GE products in many hobbies tube friends also. China Changsha tube factory in the United States, RCA's standard products modelled 2A3 tube sale made.


2A3 tube is not similar to the first we have seen today, 2A3, 2A3 is a single-screen first pole tube. Later, to dual pole. Standard RCA production version of the 2A3 has a distinctive feature: 2A3's filament does not use suspension, but directly to the fixed by mica, similar to common 5Z2P. Chinese products also do so. But there are many manufacturers of products is not the case, such as Toshiba 2A3 filament with spring suspension, which uses the hook hanging filament. From a technical perspective, RCA This method is not good, there is no filament in terms of suspension for the straight tube heat shock prone to noise。 Therefore, if you use the RCA or light products would note that the power transformer noise is passed to the tube, but usually not too serious. RCA 2A3 as far as I can see using coated graphite screen, we know that this is an ancient practice. A few 2A3, such as STC products, two parallel screen is horizontally instead of vertically. But I believe these structures do not affect the tubes of the electrical parameters.


6. .3 V filament of such tubes 6A3 and 6B4G, usage and 2. .5 V filament of the same. 2A3 tube A single tube full power output voltage required to push around in the last 50 volts, so it's important to promote the issue. There are many circuit design using high magnification factor pentode to drive, this is a relatively simple approach. Used in small power amplifier, if the signal source output magnitude in V there is no problem. But if not for the radio in combination. If you have friends like to do their own radio power amplifier using 2A3 to do.I suggest that low-frequency amplification using two-level is appropriate, first level with five poles tube voltage amplifier, such as the five 6B8P 6J8P or extremely pipe section. The second level of the low magnification factor, such as three-tube 6J5 6C5P, and so on. This will gain enough, and you can join the negative feedback and tone control.


2A3 push-pull application has always been a fan favorite by the vast number of radio circuits, far too many books, newspapers and periodicals are introduced. Transistor characteristics of open-loop distortion is very lovely indeed, especially in doing push-pull amplification use, plus a small amount of negative feedback can make the entire circuit to a very good electrical parameters. .


Radio with tubes.


Remote cutoff tube. .


— As its name implies, is the deadline for the comparison of distant. It is mainly to supply the superheterodyne receiver amplification of design. From 1930 onwards, the superheterodyne receivers began extensive popularity, for weak signals, one can zoom in on thousands of times. With the communication towards to SWIR frequency, fading issues become important issues need to be addressed by high frequency, the frequency increase of AGC amplifier circuit to reduce the impact of the decline has become one of the best methods. Hence the need for such a tube, a small negative gate voltage, higher transconductance can get a higher amplification gain; under negative pressure in the large gate is not closing, but there is still little screen flow. Therefore, the gate through the winding wire around the time the special law, created by the cut-off pentode away to supply communications machine. .


The same structure of globe and sharp cut five-pole tube, such as a comparison, 57 and 58, apart from the closing of the characteristics are different, the other parameters are not the same. In comparison, 57 and 58 of the internal resistance than 57 58, this is mainly because in order to obtain the characteristics of remote closing of the gate with intermediate 58 around comparison so dense than 57. Because of this, the screen current than 57. The same is also 6K7 6J7 and differences. Some people want to use as an audio five poles tube voltage amplifier use in extremely sharp cut 5 pipes, using remote closing five pole tube replacement. Theory is not appropriate. Among the tube amplifier, large signal distortion caused by a major reason is the change in μ triode and pentode in the phenomenon of variable S phenomenon. This is a large-signal distortion caused by one of the reasons, though to different degrees, but in general, is not remotely close valves as well as audio amplification. A friend to ask: 6B8P tube pentode section is remote cutoff characteristic, not the same as for audio amplification Why? Many of the books or the information in the circuit are also more remote cutoff pentode see for audio amplification circuits.I'm here to explain: whether 6B8P for audio amplification, or other remote closing tubes used for audio amplification is not available, but not too good. Of course, such use will not appear, but the large signal input will absolutely be distorted. Some of my friends think: will remotely closing five pole tube as transistor connection uses, there is no problem. This is wrong, very remote closing of 5 pipes as transistor connected, it is still a distant cutoff deadline because triode method does not allow the inside of the pipe of any change in the grid strips, it still is not ideal for audio amplifier. I have access into the transistor with 6K4 tested, linear is not good, with the oscilloscope clearly visible. .


Remote closing five pole tube: 58, 6K7 6K4 6SK7, etc, models, what the better answer is, the more advanced performance better. Some gurus there is a saying, that: the sooner the pretty sound. It is an error. Here have. However this is 6SK7, below detail the tubes.


When the water from a large number of assembly operations point of view, there is a cap tube is bad, regardless of the production or the receiver from the tube assembly, is not conducive to high-speed operation. For a pentode, the Lead up to seven electrodes. 8 pin completely sufficient, naturally, following leads from the gate. .


From 58 to 6D6 to 6K7 to 6SK7 is imbued with the thing, a perfect 6SK7 internal shielding measures, to ensure the stability of the high frequency amplification. First of all from the metal shell 6SK7 look.


Within the upper and lower mica tubes have metal shielding, screen is very open sheet, you can reduce the cross-road capacitor. This is 6SK7 progress than the 6K7 a place later 6BA6, 6BD6, 6K4 also use this screen very structure. At the same time because the metal shell and to connect tube itself, so removing the shield. This tube does not have any special about the material, the first gate should be gold, but do not need to install the first gate pillar sink. .


Glass shell 6SK7G/GT and metal pipe structure is very similar, just outside a shielding enclosures. This shield can play a role, the containment shroud on at the same time from extends core column above has two pieces of masking, used to isolate the stud (no individual products). For this reason, so 6SK7G/GT tubes of getters are at the top of the pipe. At the same time, speckled in pipe jacking will isolate the getters, capacitance prevent cross-road. 6SK7G/GT tube shields from different manufacturers have different design, some are using mesh, some metal. Some common materials of nickel, nickel-and some charring. The characteristics of these differences in terms of the tube have no effect, so do not take into account these differences. .


6SK7 numerous manufacturers, our model is that the Soviet Union is 6K3 6K3P. Whether it is constructed of steel or GT is used without any problems. For high-frequency amplifier, medium zoom effects are very good. But there is also a tube is 6SG7, transconductance than 6SK7 is higher, the same as other properties, you can direct substitution. 6SK7 applies not only to high-frequency, the frequency voltage amplifier, also suitable for regeneration of oscillation frequency detection, and so on purpose, at present, there are still some 6SK7 sourcing, the price is not high, prepare homemade radio friends may wish to buy a few more.


Throughout the remote end pentode, characteristics most similar, only the transconductance is slightly different. 6K4, 6SG7 slightly, 6SK7, 6K7, 6D6, 58 slightly lower. Generally speaking, a difference also is not poor. Therefore not repeat them below cutoff pentode other away. From a 6SK7, is not difficult to recognize other remote cutoff pentode use. Vacuum tube 24. .


Describes some commonly used vacuum tube radio. From the perspective of historical development, or select the old 24 as radio tubes introduces the first. Some low-power radio common pipe will be introduced.


In 1917, Dr. Xiao Teji developed tetrode, 1918, German Green wind root RE1, RE181 have come out. If you say who is the real high-frequency high-efficiency tubes, when the devaluation on the 24th. Although the use of point of view it is very bad characteristics, but history also has very important role. .


1920s, whether renewable or superheterodyne receiver will gradually be applied, for short-wave development. At that time, the receiver uses high-frequency amplifier most also are transistor, three machines pipes sequestering low, cross-channel capacitance more disadvantages constraints on the application of the ordinary triode. With the development of Multipole valve, 4-pole tube to be applied to high-frequency circuit, although the four-pole tube is the first of Europeans. However, the truly mushroomed in the United States. In 1929, RCA Corporation, no. 24, four pole tube as a success, the exchange of high-frequency quadrupole tube is pushed into the market.


24 tubes are recommended for high frequency or audio systems, especially high-frequency amplification is 24 tubes of the outstanding advantages as well as a regenerative detector, or shock effect is also very good. Many of the early radio in the high level of renewable detector can see the figure of 24, this is particularly the radio early in Japanese is extremely common. As the next hot tube, 24 is not a common hum, and tetrode transistor-level amplification than big too, so 24 is also used for audio amplification.However, at that time 24 prices remained relatively expensive, therefore use it to do audio amplification device, compare the less well-known are the 1929 LOFTIN-WHITE power amplifier, the circuit is directly coupled to promote 45 24, 80 rectification. At that time, as is famous for HI-FI design industry, today still have been addicted to this design, which is the modern direct-coupled 2A3 circuit pioneer.


Old tetrode structure and people's views are not the same today, 24 has a thick filament cathode and a great power, these designs can be seen at the theoretical calculation for the tube is still not precise enough, 2. .5 V 1. .75 Amp power tube filament even as the use is not too small, spiral filament to minimize induction. Very outer layer of screen mesh washed into the shield, and various modern tube, this shield is not connected cathode, but the connection curtain gate, can be considered similar to. Shield block at the top, the bottom of the gate pillars at the screens there is a small cylindrical shield.At the same time in order to reduce lead inductance, the top of the grid is also used when it is closed. Materials used does not have any particular pure nickel continues to be the most important materials as small power tube, the screen does not use spray graphite or charring process.


24 tubes of the peak period did not last long, as science advances, the rapid occupation of high-frequency pentode areas tetrode have lost the use of high frequency, as the product gradually become out of downhill. .


In 1933, SPEED has 257, 258 tubes, RCA, company rapid mass production of high-frequency pipe 57, 58, 24 lost more. Later, not only 24, four pole tube in the field of high-frequency amplification was almost completely replaced by five poles tube.


Because of the negative resistance diode four special features, it is generally a circuit designer can not ride it. This is currently no way to liven it up. .


Tubes, pipes.


In the 20's, four diodes are the best choice among high-frequency amplification. Most common receiver was used as the high-frequency amplification transistor, such as 30, is a wide range of applications. Compared with 30, 32, tetrode machine being used for mobile communication, high-frequency amplification effect as a much better than on the 30th. AC-powered receiver in the above, using 24 tubes as a high-frequency amplification than with UX-201 or UX-226 much better results. However, because the problems inherent in four-diode, high-frequency field in the urgent need for a good tube.Need it cross-road to small, internal resistance, transconductance, less noise.


Pentode 57 is developed by the United States SPEED in 1932 developed a new universal pentode. Subsequently, the United States RCA company began mass production of such tubes. .


57, tubes have been widely applied in various fields, such as high-frequency amplifier, oscillator, regeneration detection, audio amplifier, mixer, etc. The advent of it has widely used 24, pipe gradually be eliminated. In this way, 57 becomes blockbuster model. Another remote closing of extremely high frequency 5 pipes 58, are also popular.


57,58 tube parameters and subsequent tube generally similar, in fact, also the ancestors of future generations pentode. After that, RCA has developed 6C6, 6D6 tube, shape pin and 57, 58 are identical, except for filament voltage from 2. .5 V into 6. .3 V.Still later, RCA development 6J7, 6K7 tubes, the characteristics and the same 6D6 6C6, but the package into the metal tube, later have 6J7G/GT, 6K7G/GT glass tube, then 6SJ7 and 6SK7 models, and finally EF86 and 6BD6 small tube. Despite all the changes, but the parameters or very similar.


O 57 tube construction and tube before it is different. 57 tubes are relatively well shielded structure, the upper and lower electrodes have a large mica shield film, the structure adapted to the short-wave radio band at higher frequency trends. At the same time, it's glass case is constructed of carbon injection, can prevent the development of the glass shell potential noise arising from different discharge. Meanwhile, as the product in 1932, with ST tube structure than the previous S-tube is more resistant in terms of vibration, and work more stable.(Current price of S hose than ST tube, and almost all of the "tube" Eggplant are expensive, I'm afraid is that designers have thought).


57 main areas of application of radio and electronic equipment, electrical equipment, for cable, of course, came the same pentode, WE310-type is the principal one. WE310 electric field is applied in a wide range of cable of a tube, WE310 features and 57 similar to the only slightly higher transconductance. Amplifiers now very fashionable imitation WE91, WE310 expensive, and some friends began looking for alternative tube.For example, the Soviet Union's 10-12 C, ?, EF86 EF37 6J7, etc., of which 10 ? 12 c and WE310 identical EF37, more similar to 6J7, 57. So, if from imitation WE91 perspective, with 57 can promote 300B.


Japan's post-regeneration of some varieties of radio, the main application of regenerative detector is 57 tubes, occupation of China during the Japanese dumping a lot of three, four radio. Matsushita Electric Co., Ltd. is mainly manufactured products. 3 machine is mainly used for regeneration of 57 detector, 47B power amplifier, 12F rectifier. 4 machine is mainly more of a high level of 58. After the liberation of East tube factory in China have also produced 57 tubes, primarily for maintenance of the Japanese radio use. There are still some of this new batch of 57 tubes for sale, but the price is absolutely not what. .


ST tube because it constructs encapsulation, usually operating frequency is not high. One of the main reasons are the bases of electrode wire is too long, resulting in a larger capacitance and inductance. In general you can work around 57 tube to short-wave band, 30MHZ following frequencies. Frequency, 57 tube features will not be very good, eight feet tubes can work than ST tube is high, perhaps it can be to 50MHZ. The frequency with which the small tube to hundreds of megabytes, you can usually measured in Hertz. But from the perspective of high frequency work, these ST tube does not have any advantages, but used to make amplification or audio. r。 .


(Tube 10. .


From 1921, RCA Corporation, UV203 UV202, 204 power tubes reached together with the advent of 1918 WE VT2 power tubes.


In 1924, RCA's development of UV210 power control gives a refreshing feeling. .


210 is available immediately by the majority of radio enthusiasts of all ages. At that time, the major electronics companies have launched their own 10 numbers for your choice, de Vries-D410, Salta, launched the company's SX-210, CUNNINGHAM's CX-310 etc, among the amateur tube using 10..


210 tubes and then compare other power control, the biggest feature is the high cost performance. At that time the most widely used is the RCA power tube filament power consumption compared to 202,202 in the much larger 210, 210 but the screen can work to a higher voltage, the efficiency is much higher, the power is relatively big. At that time the Western Electric Company VT2 tube design with long life and excellent performance. However, and 210 more, not only power is not big enough, the voltage is also much lower, the price is very expensive. Therefore, the 210's available for these tubes into the amateur radio enthusiasts quickly lost.Soon not many people use them.


Viewed with modern eyes 20 years of antique tube, the structure of some of its design limitations create some miracle we are surprised and often make me feel weird. No. 10 was used in the glass electrode column bracket, rough nickel-coated graphite pole screen, M-type filament suspension with a hook, clip electrodes fixed core columns. Is such a simple structure, but she was 10, a "super" power control.Often you can see there are a lot of amateurs in designing your own transmitter, for work in a State of class c cable RCA UX210 supply voltage 750 volts, a pair of parallel at 40 m UX-210 band output 100 Watt, 20 m-band output 90 Watt power, according to some information is recorded, when the control screen current does not exceed 75 Ma, allow a class c cable work the screen voltage reaches 900 volts! this today is to use FU-7 such tubes are not easy to achieve results, and if it is in such high voltage 6P3P work, not only is violet, tube will certainly spark . Not to mention 6P6P and 6P14 like a. .


Now when I'm faced with too high because of the carbon commodity nickel manufacturing screen resulting in cross-channel capacitance greater Shanghai with 6K4, blind to the dawn of the gate is often burned KT66, without good cause to glass shell annealing dawn EL156 explosion. You can know that often was supposed to be doing things but it is not hard to do. If you do 6K4 screen commodities nickel hydrogen-burning technology advance, if the curtain KT66 and gate with a large gold-plated radiator, EL156 through careful annealing and long aging. These problems are not solved?.


Some say that foreign words often see the "master", with some unexplained "term" to describe the tube's structure, its mysterious is really puzzling. Mica shape, filament suspension means, within the shell of graphite, screens very material, in addition to film the shape of gas, glass shell package, pin structures, pipe-based structure, bakelite and even the color logo, the Certificate of Conformity and carton packaging are that's marvelous.Some people even higher for the adoration of the right to the extent of the incomprehensible, for example the 300A, 300B xD is ST tube, just someone to produce "Eggplant" 300B, and not only the small mountain village, Twilight such large enterprises. Not only to "eggplant", but also "Screen"; not only the "Screen", but also pure nickel "Screen"; not only the "eggplant" 300B, but also "eggplant," 274; not only the "eggplant", also "tennis "101,205; not only to 101,205; have the 6N8P tube core to seal the glass bulb in the lamp; but also to the management of core 845 to substantially seal the glass bulb in the lamp. Recently, the planning "eggplant 2A3", estimates will soon debut. .


The foreigner that is not busy, such as the Czech fortress factory KR, 300B, 2A3. PX25, 45 reached derogatory do internal article, quartz glass, patents long life high performance filament bulb, handmade, hand Assembly, high vacuum. Allow people to experience, it is still in production in the United States for large-scale launch tube emic, AEG, Germany, the United Kingdom have nothing tuble, static and dynamic company.


10 of this excellent features were developed after the attention. RCA company and named it 801, incorporated into its launch tube sequence. Meanwhile, in 801, the improved structure. By ST shell, ceramic brackets, an increase of a very thick screen with springs to suspend the filament. Let the tubes 801 more like a dedicated launch tube. .


Not until after World War II, there are amateurs to continue using the pipe emission, perhaps today you turn on the receiver, heard a CW signal is still using the old pipes and old equipment.


With the historical development, the launch of new pipes to replace such an antique. However, some people like to use it as A low-frequency power amplifier, low-frequency amplification can be done close to 2 watts of power. However, because transistor, distortion can be small. If the speaker's sensitivity and also high sensitivity of the ear, listening to music I believe is very appropriate.However, if you use the push-pull UX210 do r, the effect of absolute power amplifier amazing! such as UX210 in the screen voltage 600 volts negative voltage, grid 75 volts, using P-P impedance 10 kilohms output transformer, you can easily reach 45 watts of output power, and 6P3P b 2 push-pull amplifier power. If the screen voltage of 750 volts, gate negative voltage of 90 volts, tube for the 801, using the PP impedance output transformer 12, 1000 Europe, but also can output up to 60 watts of power, facing the KT66, EL34 and B an analogy pull machine, the Department did not have any less. .


S tube shape from a technical point of view there is nothing special, but from pythagoreanism grass harmony theory, aesthetics have its merits. If you really think that a circle is a cosmic harmony, is the most perfect graphics, S tube is very delightful. But the real "Eggplant" is a good "Eggplant" forced "tomatoes!" into "Eggplant" is not only beautiful, but lost the original "tomatoes".


I found myself thinking that the correct treatment of the old pipe should see their strengths, but also to recognize their deficiencies. The old tube technology is not advanced, but because producers hard, they compare the quality of junk tubes are much better terms. The correct use of them can still get good results. .


There are always some people like to talk in the "master" behind, seriously studying the "modern" and "discussion" with love to all kinds of tube sound, efforts to improve their level of "modern", patiently talking about electric and "Eggplant"; of course there are also some masters like published high on, such as a box 3OOB audition comparisons, a box of comparison, a sack 6SN7 resistor-capacitor audition ilk articles, generally to their own experiences, "Pro" at the end of the thousand verses million charge to TELEFUNKEN ** s ** s, XD, or unprintable. And some masters even more remarkable, the transistor must be low resistance, push-pull is garbage, straight heat pipe must be rectified, but also derived a set of "Zhang eight." Then some of the highest level master, full of talk of "art", "idea" that he did refuse 6P3P push-pull amplifiers, to sell the name from a CPU 3000. 300B is then split single-tube, split 2A3 push-pull, not only between the power supply and amplifier sub, left and right channels to be divided, and then have to tetrad? ! Also split split split again. .


45.


In 1929, the U.S. economy began to slump, UX250 radio without a comprehensive domestic market. Westinghouse reduced UX250, launched UX245. .


Most of the Westinghouse 245 print RCA's trademark, this is the Protocol requirements. At the same time other companies also began production of electron tube 45, like 10, 45, were all the rage. 45 use more convenient and lower prices. So, not only audio power amplifier, a number of enthusiasts will also be used for high-frequency power amplifier and shocks, the magazine often can see 45 do high-frequency amplification or multiplier circuit.


Early as the early 45's structure. .


Had to say one more thing is that in 1929 LOFTIN-WHITE swept up the circuit, this is a small power amplifiers Kit, the KIT design is very special, very few people use this kind of design, which uses a 24 to do direct coupled driving 45, 80 rectification. Today, still people obsessed with this little thing, get 12AX7 and directly coupled 2A3 to do. It is said that "China's first tube master" Beijing Kuan Nai Tiki-masters do 6N4 directly coupled 2A3, and then wrote my throat is good.


Pretty good, just do the relevant master direct coupling of the dawn of the Beijing 6N4 2A3, if he was made a RCA 224 coupled RCA UX245, really have "a big blow." .


30.


Amateur radio enthusiasts in the early among the most frequently used is a tube 30. Regeneration of both beginners installed radio system, a senior expert assembly portable receiver - transmitters, are ultimately the tube. Until now, we often find the drawings we can see the usefulness of the circuit 30. .


When it comes to the development of 30, and RCA Corporation. In the 20 's, battery tube also mainly 199,109 like world. These pipes are saving electricity, but their performance is not very good. So in 1931 RCA Corporation series of tubes, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, five kinds of pipes, power savings, but still much higher efficiency. 30 tubes were used extensively as a universal tube, it uses almost finished.


30 for regeneration detection, low frequency amplifier, oscillator, rectifier, or even for the high-frequency voltage amplification, we can see. Communication such as MP-15 machine used to receive some of the more than 30. Many will not go into here. .


China in 1936, was a small amount of testing we have produced some of the pipe, which is 30, tubes, but because of the extremely rare, so it simply will not see domestic 30 tube. After the liberation, the country has no production of 30 tubes, in 1955 of the radio regulations as control tubes 30. Therefore 30 application in China, along with the new battery tube production, in the 1960s 30 tube in China already withdrew from the stage of history.


RCA's 30 is a spherical heat pipe, the term that the S tube; fly song glass barrel 30 is straight, the term that the T-tube; behind the tube is bottle is from the S and T tube tubes evolved tube known as the ST. ST than the T-tube heat pipe is good, with mica fixed electrode, and the tube neck top mica contact, seismic performance, features more stable. .


6NP5 tube, and its parameters are similar to the domestic authority model 6N13P, Europe and the United States, and so on, various 6080. On this pipe to low-frequency power amplifier, I did not actually made. Therefore, only a superficial knowledge from other people's articles and manuals of data to consider this issue.


Philips 6080 tubes for the information above purposes, as it is: for the DC power supply and servo circuits as a driver transistor. Apart from these aside, I would like to own some of the structures from 6N5P is look at the tube. .


6N5P itself is a low internal resistance, low voltage, high current of the transistor. Other tubes, Philips manual does not give their audio amplification typical application parameters. You can know a few parameters: internal resistance 300 euro, transconductance 6. .5 Ma per volt, magnification of 2, most large pole 13 Watt dissipation. And traditional direct thermal power amplifier transistor comparison, its single-tube screen loss a little small. 2A3 of screen loss 15 watts, the loss of screen UX250 20 Watts, the loss of screen WE300A 30 watts. But its current is much larger than these tubes, so that decision, the tube must work in relatively low screen voltage, the fact is true. From another perspective, its low resistance, high current is also consistent with the development of modern power amplifier tubes. For example EL156, KT88 power tubes are so low internal resistance, high current tube (compared to other pentode case), but their screen more extreme loss, 6N5P can not compared. .


Evidently, the other parameters can be tolerated, except the screen loss and other parameters do not match. If you have solved the problem, you can solve for the low-frequency amplification 6N5P..


I once read an article amplification device 6N5P A, using a fixed bias, screen voltage about 200 volts, current control in less than 60 mA. If the view from the characteristic curve, then there should be 100 volts negative pressure gate, to ensure the 6N5P great loss of not more than screen. Although the conditions are not harsh, but because of the need to provide a high drive voltage, it is not large relative to the output power is not a good option. Output transformer can be 1500 ohm primary is five times the internal resistance. If the primary resistance is too small, then the distortion will be larger.Of course you have to note that since the primary current DC components in a relatively large, don't let core saturation.


The above circuit is not recommended, because the negative pressure of 100 volts for the gate circuit is a challenge for promotion. If the use of manual data, screen supply voltage of 135 volts most, the resistance of 250 Euro as their own bias, screen current of 125 mA. Bias can know at this time in more than 30 volts, is relatively easy to drive, and because it is self-bias voltage, gate leakage resistance can be made higher. 1200 European output transformer can be, but this time the screen flow much more prone to core saturation problem. .


None of the above is a part of the transistor, the transistor because 6N5P is double, you can pipe the two channels. In addition, the parameters of the discrete 6N5P, data may not be very accurate, should not exceed the actual loss, whichever is the screen.


A good solution is to use 6N5P as Group A push-pull, this can reduce the primary issue of the DC magnetization, and can increase the output power, reducing distortion. .


In fact, only the properties of the pipe itself, 6N5P is a very "left" transistor, than ordinary triode also left left features. So, if it is barely used in Kabul 1 class amplifier circuit, then the output will not increase much, because the biggest constraint is the screen. B 1 class amplifier the screen voltage higher than the CPI, which is to configure the grid screen flow pressure let smaller, but there is signal then screen flow will increase, the loss would exceed the screen. Taken into account when the screen because the static loss low, the signal when you can use the appropriate overload, the power will not be too large. At the same time in this state, the pipe line line is not good, distortion is much greater. .


If you let a and b 6N5P work in 2 class status, worse than the CPI, since the very left of the pipe, to appear before the screen Cascade flow over consumption, the entire pipe can be used as a lantern to point.


If you work in the B state to 6N5P appears the problem? Such as screen voltage of 200 volts, 120 volts to gate negative pressure, then there is no screen flow. Small signal input, such as negative pressure so that gate 100 volts, 50 mA current screen at this time no problem. If you continue to decrease, consumption would exceed screen, but no more than average consumption screen, but if the gate negative pressure reduced to 80 volts, screen flow should be 150 mA, average consumption is also more than a Ping. It seems not only can not occur gate current, the input signal is limited.6N7P small tube, as you can type b amplifier output 10 Watts of power, compared to, it would be unreasonable 6N5P. Want to play.


This seems the most appropriate thing to use 6N5P as A push-pull amplification. Not only the DC component of the output transformer can be offset, and the even times of wave distortion can be reduced. At this time PP output transformer primary impedance 2200 is available in Europe, and the volume can be smaller. .


From another perspective, 6N5P is undoubtedly a challenge, as a cathode output power amplification, as OTL SRPP output, as the circuit output, etc., can also be a challenge on circuit.


And the commonly used audio power amplifier tube comparison, 6N5P is no particular advantage. For example 6P6P, 6P3P either as A, B Class, B, etc. purposes, are very suitable, compared with 6N5P not so worth the wait. I often consider the use of another 6N5P is used for high-frequency push-pull power amplifier or oscillator used, but then left the characteristics of 6N5P estimated for the high frequency amplification also requires some special design.Some of the regulator to adjust the tube using FU-7 6P3P or are actually suitable, but as 6N5P 6N5P for audio power amplifier, but very suitable.


Now often see many brands of 6080 sales, which if 6080WA, 6080WB this tube, compared with 6080 better than ordinary, WA, WB of the TEST life of 1000 hours or more and 6080 is 500 hours general. As for the homemade 6N5P, 6N13P, estimated the number will not be bad, can not say 1000 hours, 500 hours should be made. Maybe a friend will ask why such a short time. In fact, tube aging is a gradual process, the parameters will become worse.Manufacturers for the tubes typically have a life beyond the boundaries of the parameter the border of the tubes is the end-of-life. In fact, often the tubes or you can use.


On the 6N5P use it as a rectifier tube is a very appropriate approach. The diode connected transistor, used as a rectifier, it is very common in the former way. It was only a dedicated rectifier start mass production, so with the transistor connected as diode rectifier to make very little use. .


We say very suitable as 6N5P diode, diode from transistor method to address this issue.


The left transistor is characterized by low internal resistance, gate round the loose. So the left triode connected as a diode when it is still very low internal resistance and gate flow is not great. When at work, loss of a small gate. And right around the gate transistor is characterized by the relatively compact, connected as a transistor when it will be relatively large gate current, especially in the screen down time, because the gate around the relatively compact, so gate - Yin electric field is strong power grid will be relatively large, easy to damage. Therefore, the transistor as a rectifier using the common characteristics of the majority to the left.For example, previously used 112, 250, 845, and so on, or is extremely high right characteristics such as e.g. UV207 transistor, etc..


6N5P is a very cool tube. So it's very low internal resistance. Such as a rectifier to use, there is a high efficiency. 6N5P cathode area is big, so emission is very stable, and life can be relatively long. At the same time, because the 6N5P is next to the heat pipe, and large cathode. Therefore pressure should be slowly added, the enlarged part of the tube, we can extend the life span. In use, the gate is best to connect through a few hundred ohm resistor great screen, so the gate can be better protected. Because 6N5P itself is a double triode, so you can win Renquan Bo rectifier. .


A single full-wave rectifier 6N5P, output current 200 Ma, pipe pressure drop than direct to the small number of 5Z3P, according to the theory of heat than like next to 5AR4. However, due to the grid, 6N5P in full-wave rectification, the largest peak voltage will appear in a transistor's Gate-cathode. So 6N5P not suitable for high voltage rectifier, through observation of the structure of the pipe, I think the usual 2 * 400 volts or less does not have any problems, no matter how high is not to say. In fact, because of its resistance is low, so the output voltage will be higher. If this is the kind of quality 6080WA 6080WB tubes, perhaps voltage can be higher. hi. .


In addition, 6N5P filament is independent of other tubes. However 6N5P filament-cathode Max pressure is 300 volts, if the output voltage is low, such as DC output 250 volts, it should be no separate windings. And 6N5P tubes work when onset of high fever, so do the heat.


b. .


Tube: 6N7P.


Double triode 6N7P, the U.S. model is 6N7, the Soviet Union have the same product. The two-transistor believe that we are not unfamiliar, but can make good use of this tube, but a slightly more difficult task. .


From 6N7P constructor, the tubes have power some of the design scene. For example, the screen has a cooling fins on the grid have a big gate hot plate and grid backbone is relatively thick, Golden Gate was, the cathode is relatively large. But look at the manual of parameters, it is a typical 6N7P voltage amplifying tube, the screen grid voltage and current are not large.


6N7P is a right of power management features, designed as a B push-pull power amplifier for use in the early radios among B push-pull power amplifier is considered an advanced use, so many, many machines use B push-pull power amplifier is not only communication equipment, DC also have used the equipment. .


The classic one circuit is the RCA a manual Appendix amplifier circuit is very simple. A zoom in parallel as CPI 6N7, through input transformer coupled to the composition of the CPI 6N7 push-pull power amplifier, a push-pull as CPI 6N7, then the application is through an output transformer for the power output. B electrical use 300 volts, with an 83 mercury rectifiers. Output power of 10 Watts.


With 6N7P as the B audio power amplifier circuit, can not see now. However, I'd used a period of 6N7P A power amplifier, 6N7P in fact not suitable for Group A power amplifier, but because the RCA in the manual that I also tried for some time, I was a single tube with a 6N7P internal parallel, with the 5000 ohm output transformer, in accordance with the Manual on the parameters can be output 0. .5 Watts of power, B Electric 300 volts. The amplifier's performance is not satisfactory, mainly power too small to large dynamic time in the big distortion.However it is very power efficient, I spent four tubes, a 6N8P as two-channel voltage amplifier, two 6N7P as power amplification, a 6X5GT as rectification, using a five-tube radio power transformer power supply. 10 hours of continuous use, power transformer is warm, not hot.


In addition, once seen as a useful 6N7P inverter used because 6N7P public cathode, as a down phase right to use would be very flattered, and because of its large screen great loss of power, too much pressure to allow screen, so if using EL156, KT88, 6550 power tube like a push-pull power amplifier, while less was expected to exhaust pipe as a voltage amplifier, with the 6N7P is very suitable as phase inversion. .


In the 30 's to 40 's, has a very wide range of multiplier circuit, being the majority of amateur use, this is the "push-pull multiplier", a description, which is 30 years, Mr. China yellow small celery, use of XU3ST radio program of the circuit is 59 tube electronics coupled oscillations or quartz Crystal Oscillation, and then after 53 push-pull tube, promote a multiplier on 46 for CPI-pull power amplification. The inside of the 53 and 6N7 electrical parameters are identical. In the United States amateur radio magazine, many application introduction. 6N7 In addition to doubling the use of them outside the push-pull, as the push-pull oscillator can output 10 watts, half call the shots to enlarge the application of vibration half have, in general, A1 10 watts of power for firing can spread very far far away from the. If you want to work in the A2 or A3, with the 6N7 is not easy ones, because the 6N7's push-pull in the audio can also output 10 watts, 6N7 6N7 audio push-pull to push-pull modulation of high frequency oscillation is also very convenient. .


Of course, the application can make 6N7P parallel power is doubled, RCA's manual also.


6N7P suitable rectifier used, if necessary rectification, 6N5P more appropriate than it, of course, 1N4007 more suitable. .


Now, 6N7P applicable almost no, but if a reasonable playing it, or a very good use of the tubes, I hope you make good use of it.


Tube of the basic parameters:. .


1. filament voltage: V; 2. filament current: mA; 3. anode voltage: V; 4. anode current: 5 mA;..-gate voltage: V; 6. gate current: mA; 7. cathode access resistance: Ω; 8. output power: W; 9. transconductance: mA/v; resistance: 10. k Ω.


Calculation of several commonly used:. .


Zoom factor μ = anode voltage Uak/gate voltage Ugk.


That maintaining the anode current remains unchanged, the anode voltage with gate voltage ratio. .


-S = anode current Ia/gate voltage Ugk.


That the anode voltage to maintain the same circumstances, if the gate voltage of a unit (eg mV) voltage changes will cause the anode current changes in the number of units. .


Ri = internal resistance of the gate voltage anode current Uak/Ia.


Indicated in the maintenance under the same gate voltage, anode current if a unit (such as the mA) the voltage changes will cause the anode voltage changes in the number of units. .


The above a few values can also be expressed as amplification factor μ = transconductance Ri S multiplied by internal resistance.


Start with these, you can see if the feel down, next time say some common pipe types and structure of the working principle and so on and so on. .


This time the first tube structure and working principle. Look for my old habits and later the hose and cell circuits are homemade pipe, for example, in the end I will combine their use of short stated that some of the common domestic and import their own characteristics of the substitution.


Before we come to the discussion of the scope of discussion for a definition, that is limited to vacuum tubes. .


Whether it is a two-pole, three-pole or more electrodes of vacuum tubes, they all have a common structure is drawn into the near vacuum glass (or metal, ceramics) shell and encapsulated in the husk, cathode and anode filament. Direct thermal-tube filament is the cathode, three poles above the multipolar tube there are various grid.


Said first diode:. .


Consider a heated metal plate, when its temperature reaches 800 degrees Celsius, the formation of electron acceleration, as well as to be able to break the metal plate itself on attracting and escape to a metal surface outside space. If in this space with a dozen to tens of thousands of volts forward voltage (snow left marks mentioned in the above picture tube, anode, with 7000--27000 Volt HV), the e-mail will be attracted to the forward voltage is the power which flows through the circuit current.


The metal plate (cathode), the heating source (filament), forward voltage electrode (anode) is packaged in a suitable shell, that is above that of the glass (or metal, ceramic) package shell and pulls out into a near vacuum, is the electronic diode. .


It is due to the manufacturing process, impurities, such as adhesion and the material itself, tubes for trace residue will air, end product tube in tube coated with a layer of getter. Getter for the general use of nitrogen of aluminium zirconium, vanadium, zirconium or materials. At present, except for special purposes (such as UHF and high voltage rectifier, etc.), for ease of use and additional to, are two diodes, or two-pole three-pole, three-pole or three and two-pole, with five poles in a shell, that is the composite pipe.


Then said transistor:. .


Diode structure determines the nature of the unidirectional conductive, cathode and anode in between with a pole with the appropriate voltage, the voltage will change the cathode surface potential, thus affecting the cathode to the anode heat e, this is a great, usually made of metal wire mesh of a spiral, so called grid. This is Holly leaf friend said valve function. It can know that when a signal voltage is amplified in between the gate ---- the cathode, because it would inevitably change the anode current corresponding changes, and because the anode voltage is much higher than the cathode, the gate cathode voltage change between the small anode can also produce a corresponding voltage change scores first hundred times, which is amplified voltage signal transistor principle. .


This is a generic for high-frequency amplification. double triode 6N1 1 is the getter; 2 is the cathode filament and the combination of the Gate; 3 is the anode.


Now to break the glass, attention getter color change, in other words, once the tube this getter into a milky white, whether or not Fengyun broken glass tubes of no use. .





Look out!.


1: anode; 2: gate, gate in the white part of the gate and cathode of the insulating layer; 3 is the cathode, which is a flat metal tube, the filament inside the bag friends. .


And then say more: gate tube.


Common possession of four multi-gate pole, five poles and seven diodes, said first five poles and seven diodes, the more special and quadrupole amplifier in the current product models more than half of what use is it put back said. .


5-pole tube structure similar to the transistor, the difference is more than transistors, two gate, the gate and gate curtain.


Screens in the general application of the gate, adding the equivalent DC voltage and anode, its role is to help the common anode through the gate to attract electrons to speed up the fly anode, so the volume of the tube on the same terms, plus a curtain gate tube anode current than the transistor gate no big screens. Another curtain shielding the gate also play a role, thereby increasing the stability of circuit. .


In understanding the role of the inhibitor grid said before a phenomenon: secondary electron. Filament in the anode cathode heated will also be accompanied by heat, so when flying out from the cathode electrons to the anode occurs from the anode plate part e play, this is the secondary electron. In practice, suppression and cathode grid must be connected (so some tubes in internal redirects them), the purpose of increasing inhibition gate is to suppress the grid and cathodic potential inhibition of secondary electron prevent it from falling into the curtain gate. In this State, secondary electron is once again being Anodic attracted to the anode.


7 diode structure then and pentode similar, but it has five gate, generally used in radio frequency reception circuit, and audio amplifier has little to do, do not say it was. .


Fold back said quadrupole tube, in fact, simply meaning four pole tube just a tube of history as a verification authority appeared without access to practical, this is another topic is not to say it, it says below mentioned previously is currently in power in more than half of the aircraft used by this thing-beam radiation..


Hit a few more, ** those bosses drop in the bar where XO, let's hit MULLARD! . .


First look at the figure below.


Radio beam tetrode power tube all of the requirements is to generate power tube anode current as large as possible. Radio beam tetrode electrode structure in some special arrangements to do so in keeping, and other power control volume difference is not under the premise can form more than the other power tube's anode current. .


As can be seen from figure beam shot four pole tube several structural features.


1. . Cathode for the ellipse, which increases the effective emission area of the cathode, thereby increasing the amount of hot electron emission. .


2. And five pole tube, inhibition between grid and anodes are reinforced with a curtain in front of the gate, about the role.


3. . The curtain between the anode and the gate and added a pair of bow-type metal plate (a point there, pay attention to the following statements), which is cluster screen. Cluster screen and cathode in the tube that is connected with the cathode potential, it forces have crossed the curtain along the gate of the electron flow can only bow metal plate bundle fired the opening direction at the anode. Well, let's review the current knowledge about the definition of middle school: unit time flowing through unit cross-sectional area of the electron flow. Here when the electron current density at injection bundles will increase, so the anode current, and it was clever increased.This is the beam injection four-pole tube in maintaining and other power tube size differences are not large, capable of forming than other power tube larger anode current key.


Several commonly used in audio amplifiers in a tube icon, a description of the type name in the control law is also marked both domestic foreign labeling laws, the labeling law, exchange control last say:. .


Two dual diode: 5Z2P, 5Z3P.


Several commonly used in audio amplifier tube Icon II:. .


Three small power amplifier tube: EL84 6P1, 6P6P,.


Several commonly used in audio amplifier tube icon 3:. .


3 medium power amplifier tubes: 6P3P, EL34.


Several commonly used in audio amplifier tube icon 4:. .


Two hose of medium power amplifier tubes: 6550.


Several commonly used in audio amplifier tube icon 5:. .


High-power amplifier power: 805.


Several commonly used in audio amplifier tubes six icons:. .


Five-star front-voltage tube: 12AX7 6N10,, 12AU7, 12AX7, 12AU7.


Several commonly used in audio amplifier tube icon 7:. .


Five-star front-voltage amplifying tube: 12AU7 6N11, 6N2,, 6922, 6N4.


Combination of the seven plans on the talk tube and pins Title:. .


Pipe-shaped:.


Straight bar: 5Z2P, EL34, the second teeth 6550,805;. .


Shoulder (also called Hulu tube, Eggplant tube): 5Z3P, 6P3P.


Fat, waist: the first 6550. .


Long thumb tube: EL84 6P1,.


Short tube-shaped thumb: 6N10, 12AX7, 12AU7, 6N11, 6N2, 6922,6 N3. .


PIN:.


Small 9-pin: 6P1, EL84, 6N10, 12AX7, 12AU7, 6N11, 6N2, 6922,6 N3. .


Large four-foot: 805.


Large 8 foot: EL34, 6550 (with 7 feet), 6P3P (with six feet), 6P6P (with six feet), 5Z2P (with legs), 5Z3P (with legs). .


6550 or KT88. Early years also the Prince, and enjoy the King after 300B 845. It's like audio sector 3 and 3B of the music industry. But this is quite a controversy, like pipes said it detract from the fact that magnify power and prestige, and do not like it rough muna is like drinking soda.


Give us a friend of mine pointed out that the posts of several commonly used first calculation is wrong, get this part from memory up to. Looked at the statistics, several major mistakes in the following: First, there is no explanation as to transistors, for example, the second is the resistance formula was omitted in increments △, it should be for the Ri = △ Ua / △ Ia (Ug fixed). .


Thanks again for this friend, supervision and monitoring, please see our what local misplaces yellow cavity.


MULLARD body. .


The parameter is a little low, you have to sacrifice it.


Haha, no chance for you to, and a wonderful kind of pre-getter or black, according to block open the door when they have all been consumed. .


MULLARD Blake's factory, PVM code into one.


Suction ring and two small plates. .


Beheaded.


Below. .


Chops off the screen, 嘿嘿.


Inside of the internal organs. .


The innermost.


Rushing, filament and cathode? . .


Three spindle?.


Visceral family portrait. .


A pipes becomes in this way.


Buy now are still capable of leading European and American NOS tubes and bile duct Brand Products. .


Recently I was in the Telefunken purchase spare tube radio OPUS8, collected some NOS tube (i.e. new inventory), the arguments in the text are comments on the Internet only for NOS tube interested friends reference.


Amperex - Amperex vacuum tube in 1936, started manufacturing American company acquired in 1955 by Philips. Amperex ECC83 D ring screen is divided into long and short panel D ring, a long screen small circle (large shield OEM), a short screen a large circle, small circle a few short screen version. In addition to the short screen small circle for the product since the mid-60s, the rest are 50-60 in the early. Among them, long and short screen screen large D ring ring sound the best, used "trumpet" Villains series sound good, some models to hit the "Treble Clef" tag that is through the noise filter, fully put to use for singing.Ann PRAIS ECC83 high frequency resolution and smooth, and a strong sense of air, dive deep, low frequency, speed, suitable for large size speaker system use. The following figure for 17mm long screen D ring ECC83, bronze gate stand, 1959 Netherlands production, wearing the "Δ" password.





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Below is a short screen large ring blowjob series with treble clef ECC83, excellent high frequency, wide dynamic strengths being. Dutch original 1959 production, code "I61 Δ9I". .





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Ann PRAIS production of trumpet long screen side ring 12AU7 has deep low-frequency dive, excellent detail, offers high frequency, and unparalleled sense of air, the effect is comparable with ECC802S Telefunken. At the same time with accent marks short screen macrocyclic version not less performance, large dynamic scenes show ease with reference-grade sound.


Holland Amperex 12AU7 tube than the average 7316 production, the background quiet, more details, more common with D ring, large ring and small ring version. Minimum noise level control, usually with a fine filter or binary PQ Treble Clef mark. 7316/ECC186 selected for the ECC82 low-noise version, in addition to completely eliminate the microphone effect, the thermal noise is also lower than its ordinary 12AU7 tubes, especially for singing up, and before the class to use. Noise control is not easy because of long-screen control, 7316 control the main screen select short.Below is a short screen, double D ring very low noise filter grade PQ, best 7316, 1959 Netherlands factory, wearing the "Δ" password.





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The picture shows the Dutch in 1959 under the original production of 7316, the management body with "Δ" secret codes, short screen large circle, blow villain series, with treble symbol, ultra-low-noise filter level. .





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Ann PRAIS 6922 series vacuum tube and enjoy a high reputation from Ann Kupres is located in the Netherlands and the United States. Early D-ring voice active, transparent version, has the extremely high resolution and high-frequency extension. Medium and large rings version is a trademark of Philips and E88CC numbered. American voice active, rich in detail, while the Netherlands offers capacity to control sound. Ann PRAIS early D-ring ECC88 is the most precious one, compared to the 6DJ8 tube Telefunken CCa has better. Playing trumpet and the Earth's ring target 60 products strong and warm midrange, the sound is very natural for CD before the class to use. Below is the subject of a single stent ring the Earth Amperex 6DJ8,. .





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The following figure to Regal trademarks on Kupres ECC88 double bracket circle.





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Amperex EL84 tube 50's production with D-getter, it is the world's one of the best EL84 tube. IF this sweet tube sound, excellent high frequency extension, so that Telefunken EL84 catch up. Amperex EL84 bass shrinking rapidly, need for high control-driven systems. Next 图安普列斯 EL84 original production for the Netherlands in 1959, D type getter trumpet villain series, the new hit 7189 original military boxes of military type, the end of the dark control code 'rX3 X9B'. .





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Brimar-BMW UK BMW company while fame than large shield, GEC, but production of product quality tittle. Due to the relatively small manufacturers, the British production company BMW 12BH7 is the euro in the best choice. This tube, the frequency of low frequency extension of excellent taste. Early BMW ECC82, long black ECC83 used screen side ring, red lettering, very rare, and even rarer too large shield long screen side ring ECC82, ECC83. Late white lettering on the long side of the screen, the Central ECC82 ECC83 is more common.





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Ken-Rad - 1926 years of creative, brand marketing to Archatron. Early old tube manufacturer in the United States, active in the American market before World War II, with excellent quality, straight heat pipe is known. KEN-RAD VT-231 the early production of pipe in the United States 6SN7 series of extremely stable quality and excellent sound, and through the early production Sol VT-231 has the same quality. The figure is gourmet 6SN7, 1945 annual production, the U.S. Navy selected tube, the early jet carbon glass. .





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Sylvania-XI Wan 1924 founding of the United States small plants, once laid, resume production at the beginning of the 1980s. American XI Wan company and Sol company produced the world's best 5687 vacuum tubes. XI Wan company production of 5687 10000 hours of life, sound, and smoother, resolution and acoustic fields are very well done. Which undergo a special screening of "gold" series of the finest in rare, this series of parameters for consistency, sounds great. The following figure is an American original factory production of 5687, gilt gold medal series PIN. Pairing to 2%.





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The figure is brand new Sylvania military 6SN7GT / VT231. .





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National Union-early 1930 by Magnatron, Marathon, Sonatron, Televocal four companies merge in New Jersey, production of old traditional vacuum tube, pipe and the second world war, in particular the production launch tube and pipe, the discontinuation of the beginning of 1950, and the reopening of the production line.


Genalex-Lion Genalex the KT88 is the world's undisputed best KT88 tubes. Each tube factory matched through strict screening and selection again after aging, the life of 5,000 hours to achieve tangible. Even listening to three hours or more per day, you can guarantee that in 5 years. Jimmy King Figure MC275, MC2000 devices such as Ming the best match. The figure is 80 KT88 GEC England production, four getter version, were the top two, side two. Each test report with original paper, original pair. .





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Genalex B749 is heard one of the best 12AU7 tube. It provides unparalleled full-spectrum density, if big kick-off of the sense of all the competitors, including the Telefunken ECC802S. Low frequency a submarine to the end and shrink rapidly, density is good but not great shield of bloated. High-frequency extension to the top, even highest nor on Kupres slight fork tube. If you said, I am afraid the only drawback is that the finest minimal resulted in high prices. The following figure is in the early 1960s B749 production, brand new original golden box. Each pipe has a factory test report.





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KT77 and EL34 features similar to slightly larger screen flow, most of the machines can be directly replaced. Lion's KT77 output scarce, very precious, and each tube through a rigorous screening before leaving the factory are paired, and after re-screening after aging, the life to 5,000 hours. The thickness of the tube sound, said while losing the elegant and high-frequency resolution is inter Philips, Telefunken iron seat, large shield XF1 code EL34 dark outside the best choice. .


Haltron-is a leading company of the EAC. The company does not manufacture any of the tubes, but from a European well-known manufacturers ordering and filtering products. Haltron company tube with very high quality, while at the same time as to undergo a rigorous screening, has excellent parameters of consistency. Including large shield, BMW, Volvo, Siemens and Philips, many manufacturers are the company for the pipe.





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Mazda - Mazda factory in Brussels, Belgium, one of Europe's old plant. Mazda's production in the 50-60 GZ34 rectifier tube. Tube body code L, with double D ring. This GZ34 has a balance of three-frequency energy distribution, the sound field to establish a clear hierarchy, with the Philips iron seat variant. The amount of surviving species GZ34 because it is particularly rare and precious. The following diagram Mazda GZ34 play Valvo trademark, double D ring, brown bakelite early seat tube body hidden code "f33 L0F". .





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GE (General Electric) – General Electric, the world's largest electric companies, but also the production of many military vacuum tube.


The figure is brand new vario U.S. GE 6SN7. .





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RCA (Radio Corporation of America)-American radio company established in 1919, the world's largest manufacturer of vacuum tubes, often for the military during World War II, 1977 off the production line. 2A3 early RCA Corporation in the United States is a direct thermal vacuum. In single-ended output, 3. .5 watt output power, although a little more than half 300B, but provides a more comprehensive sound performance ability. U.S. companies as RCA 2A3 developers to create the world's best 2A3 tube sound, which the earlier single-screen version of the best, has a very high price and collection. Early black square ring dual 2A3 sound equally good, but later versions of gray screen provides a very high cost. Figure 2A3 is under 40 years of production, the early versions of both black ring. .





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U.s. production company RCA 5692 tube is specially designed for military design enhanced 6SN7 tubes with 10000 hours lifetime. Early 5692 red tube socket, Matt Black screen-level; five bracket as well as three MICA party ring design. Later use ordinary gray screen. Colours to earlier versions of the best, good sound field position, level, very clear, voice analysis of fine, strong, high-frequency distribution, music is very good. The following figure is the subject of military Eagle 5692, Matt Black, 5 3 MICA bracket.





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U.S. RCA produced 5691 is designed specifically for the military enhanced 6SL7 tube, with more than 10000 hours life. Early 5691 with the red tube seat, matt black screen level, five and three mica square ring stent design. The late switch to normal gray screen. Sound to an earlier version of the best, good sound field positioning, levels are very clear and vocal finesse, strong analytical, high-frequency distribution, a sense of good music. .


Mullard-UK was established in 1920 in large shield, Mullard was love Regis AO bulb Institute, initially developed a number of special radio transmitting tube, 1927 was British Philips acquisitions. Large shield 1950s long screen side ring ECC82, ECC83 is one of the best has 12AU7 tube is very complete voice playback capability, sweet, round-if not the specifics of the sound, but because of the instability of the early process, there is a large probability of vibration and noise issues. 60 and 70's British factory production of short screen ECC82 overcome the noise problem, improved low frequency extension of flexible and dynamic at the same time better. The figure is 1956 square screen older part of original military boxes to play CV491 new NATO number. .





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Large shield production a number of high-quality tube ECC81. 1950s British production early party rings if full, low-frequency 12AT7 dive deep, sweet, medium, long service life. 60 's production of circular tubes in inherited 50 years with party ring tube the excellent sound quality, improve the stability of the parameter, the pairing even easier. The production of large shield GZ34 is the world's most popular small diode next to the hot, it provides 2 * 450V 250mA of under high current output capacity, is widely used in large amounts of HIFI equipment. Large Shield Block GZ34 to 50's version of the best iron (Netherlands Philip production), but are extremely rare, bakelite and Small Block Big Block release versions are produced in the 60's, the sound has great reference value. Large shield production EL34 is the world's one of the best EL34 tube, early XF1 and XF2 version sounds very good, which went double-loop version of the best. Large Shield EL34 all British BlackBurn factory production, the management body with a "B" secret code, the management of early XF2 seat tube with eight legs, the late XF2 version control with seven legs and two voices on the same.Our brand new original cartridge XF2 new tube test current 70mA to 100% of old tube compared to grasp the extent of the new and old pipe. The following figure for 1962 great EL34 shield UK factory, and the Regal brands. Early XF2 double 8 pin version, with Eagle, winning the German military.





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Large Shield ECC32 can not completely replace the 6SN7, its screen flow and transconductance were lower than the standard 6SN7 tube. First of all, Ping Yin voltage must not exceed 300V; Secondly, the operating point of the set requirements gate negative pressure can not be too low; Third, the relative 6SN7 filament supply 600mA, ECC32 demanding supply current, reaching 950mA. Despite these constraints, can replace the machine, ECC32 delivers unparalleled sound quality and performance: the perfect intermediate frequency, good extension at both ends, with excellent music expression.ECC88 is located on level and E88CC 6922 6DJ8 tube between the great shield of British origin, MF ECC88 sound warm, human performance capability. Although the noise parameters as ECC88 E88CC lower, but because of the relatively low price, has the extremely high performance-price ratio. UK large shield company factory produces excellent sound quality EL84 tubes, of which the sound frequency, combined with the thin end of the system can obtain very good results.


Philips - Philips was founded in 1891, dominated the early production of light bulbs. 23 years later, became Europe's largest manufacturer of light bulbs. In 1918, Philips started its bulb factory in the middle bile duct and. In 1920, Philips foresee a huge potential market for bile duct, then a separate company specializing in factory production. In 1924, Philips registered "Miniwatt" (meaning low power consumption, see Figure 1) trademark and has been using over half a century, until the shutdown date.In 1934, the main thrust of the Philips European biliary naming standard, with a view to unifying disorganized, fragmented by bile duct model. Familiar ECC83, EL34 all adopt the standards named. This standard is not 100% implemented, but the basic approach adopted by most brands and has been used. From the 1920s to the 1980s, Philips launched a series of business operations, the territories our abilities and in grosser keeps winning. The acquisition or investment company dozens of bile duct or production plant, toured Germany, Britain, France, the United States, Japan, Brazil, the Philippines and Yugoslavia nearly 20 countries, a truly bile production of the Kingdom, is the world's largest vacuum tube Production Group. Own hands in addition to the "Philips (Miniwatt)" brand, its also has Mullard, Valvo, Amperex, Dario, Adzam, Rogers and Philips ECG, and other brands. .


Philips to develop in the early 1950 's, five pole EL84 EL34 tubes are still widely; some common audio tubes as ECC81 ~ ECC83, CCA and E88CC and there is also a SQ series. Its in the United States on the basis of bile duct 12AX7 RCA, 1953 and pushed by Mullard force, at that time most ECC83 outstanding with the models. Philips 50 's early production of long screen side ring ECC82, ECC83 with great quality, compared to an PRAIS long screen side ring ECC82-frequency and soft. The figure is a Philips 50's big screen production of the short-ring low noise tube ECC82, ECC83, has a very low MIC effect, is a microphone with a tube in the Acura. .





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E88CC is better than high levels of 6922 6DJ8 tube, it provides very high service life and low microphone effect, more suitable for audio use. Philips E88CC early d-loop your waist Netherlands production version of the best, followed by the Netherlands produced large rings, last round ring version. E188CC is E88CC by long life versions, their level is between E88CC and CCa, provides very high service life and low microphone effect, more suitable for audio use. The following figure is called the subject tycoons E88CC Philips.





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Philips E188CC to the early production version of the D ring the Netherlands the best, followed by the Netherlands produced a large circle, the final version of the small ring. Philips iron production in the 50's Block Double D Ring GZ34 tube is the world's best GZ34, its world-renowned voice won fans around the world loved. Whether playing Philip, a large shield or trademarks of Iron Block GZ34 Amperex are from the same production line, they provide a reference level balanced sound. In addition, the production of Bakelite Philips 1958-1962 Block Double D Ring GZ34 also has excellent sound.The following figure GZ34 new original cartridge 1954 production of iron in the Netherlands, two-seat versions, D-ring to evoke a rs1 54L ", the early products.





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Production ECC81 Philips Holland has a good voice quality, but also now be able to buy one common 12AT7 tube. Philips ECC81 in many versions, the sound was undoubtedly the best version of 50's D ring, the tube has excellent high frequency detail, dynamic range of sound field positioning products in the same unbeatable price. Philips is the world's production EL34 EL34 tube one of the best, especially the early Iron Block 50 version of the best, and Telefunken Iron Block and EL34 tubes known as the reference level.Iron Mountain EL34 in life than bakelite length 1 times more sound field broader, richer detail. In addition to its own trademark, Philips iron block, there is the more common EL34 hit on Kupres, shield and the Regal brands. In the 1960s, double D ring bakelite EL34 more affordable, its high resolution, wide dynamic and high-frequency air feeling are other brands that are not comparable to EL34.


Philips ECC85 developed an internal transistor with two small signal amplification, as good linearity, was first used in the FM radio in. Because of its good linearity and excellent high-frequency accordingly, can be used in HIFI amplifier voltage amplifier stage. The figure ECC85 Philips Holland factory production control itself with "Δ" secret code, a large ring. Matched to 5%. .





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Volvo-Regal was founded in Germany in 1924, the company belongs to the manufacturing sector, Muller for Philips. VALVO early production of bile duct quality fully and Telefunken, Philips, Siemens Mullard and products. Philips and Telefunken starting from the thirties of last century began to VALVO order some bile duct and marked with their own brand sales, including the EL84, EL34, ECC83, etc. supervisor; 1954, Telefunken introduced the first metal seat EL34 is VALVO replica. Regal Hamburg factory original pipes were, with "D" secret code word.Regal produced many sounds excellent ECC82, especially in the 1950 's long screen diagonal 45 degree loop version, the tube low frequency sound is beautiful, clear, and the texture of Telefunken ECC802S a dumbfounded. 1960s produced short screen version sounds equally impressive, but this time more for Siemens ECC82, large shield works in OEM products.


Volvo produced the world's best ECC83, one of the most 50's and early 60's inclined loop is extremely short screen ECC83 excellent quality. It sounds beautiful, high-frequency supple, full of both extremely low frequency strong appeal. After 70 years as the large shield Regal ECC83 Philips and other multi-plant foundry. .





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Regal 6201 and production company with grade is ECC801S 12AT7 in the most advanced version. Regal company early adopted 3-layer MICA 6201, double bracket with gas rings and your waist. With this kind of 6201 and Telefunken ECC801S comparable sound, more intense low-frequency, high-frequency texture more beautiful, inspirational music. Medium-term of use of double-layer MICA 6201 design, sound is still outstanding. The 70 's, Regal's 6201 large shield OEM companies. The following figure is a brand new original cartridge 6201 strength your lumbar three MICA version. Simply separate each serial number, possession of body control box number and line number, secret code with the same batch. .





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The following figure is a new free box 6201 strength your lumbar three MICA version. Each independent serial number only.





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Regal West Central E88CC early production of D is one of the best, high-frequency beautiful, the sound balance. 60's production sound is equally impressive ring products. RIGHT E88CC is a two-disc getter support low-noise version of the measured value of 90%, with "Gabl" Deutsche Post use signs. .





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E283CC is one of the parameters are the same, with 12AX7 tube foot incompatible vacuum tube. Regal with a 3-layer MICA E283CC design, extremely low noise, high frequency and elegant feel strongly. And ECC808, self-made sing so small signal amplification of ideal choice. Regal ECC808 is a low noise 12AX7 tube. ECC808 ECC83 with and with the same characteristic curve, but the screen slightly lower-level power, this does not affect the audio use. ECC808 ECC83 pin incompatible with the need to switch to the actual audition ECC808 frequency elegant, feeling better than listening to the same plant ECC83 tube. .


Siemens-Siemens Germany AGE of firms engaged in the manufacture of vacuum tube and telephone. At 50, 60 's products better, original tube with "=? =" password. Siemens E83CC/ECC803S series vacuum tube with an earlier version of three-layer MICA design, this vacuum tube with 10000 hours of life, while at the same time as enhancing structure, with extremely low microphone effect, resulting in unparalleled detail and high-frequency extension. In the low frequency dive, Siemens E83CC in no way lost to the same large shield and the Amperex tube, but the lines more clearly, for the more massive systems. Siemens plans new box under the original production of the three mica 60s version, with "= \ =" code, the management body the same coding and control boxes, for collection. .





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Siemens produce ECC802S and E82CC (same level) has many versions. Early three MICA long screen ring sound excellent, excellent analytical ability, lines clear, high-frequency extension of beautiful, but not with low noise, the 1960s produced three-layer MICA short screen torus tube in preserving the advantages of long screen tube while reducing microphone effect, so that the high frequency details better. In the 1970s, production of dual MICA version ECC802S equally impressive. The following figure 5814A is the best Siemens production 12AU7 tube early yellow blue boxes, three MICA 17mm long screen, dual bracket eliminating gas rings, pipe isn't "= \ =" password.





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Siemens ECC82 tube to clear line, known for high resolution. Very early 50's long side of the loop version of the screen is superb control, in addition to Siemens also produce long and short screen screen ring rings ECC82, are very high quality. Among them, 50,60 it's a better product. The figure is an early original blue and yellow box, red paper seal ECC82, long screen ring, is extremely rare, collection of Need. .





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Siemens CCa is Telefunken CCa of the world's best Platinum 6DJ8 tube. Using frame grid design, to minimize the effects of the microphone, all CCa at the factory are strict screening and testing, no general 6DJ8 tube has the effect of large microphone, while at the same time matching accuracy greatly improved. Siemens CCa excellent analytical ability, high sense of strong, elegant, deep dive is very low, but shrink rapidly, will not produce low-frequency bloated feeling, very suitable for large size using the speaker system.





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Telefunken - Telefunken AGE's also attached to the radio sector in Germany, 60 years to stop production. Telefunken EL84 is the world's best EL84 tube, and others, like Telefunken tubes, providing the perfect balance, sound reference level. .





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Telefunken ECC81, using single-screen design, sound rich sound field broad details. Early versions of cooling ring oblique 45 degrees, with a raised panel level, interim version with ring parallel and tube, screen level two road bumps. Early versions of sound better, but more difficult to fine pairing, interim versions more easily matched to 5%. Telefunken late ECC81 are other OEM factory, the bottom without the "<>". Telefunken, shield and Philips production EL34 is the world's best EL34 tubes. Telefunken EL34 loop earlier version by Telefunken factory production, post-single-ring version of the OEM from other plants. Double-loop version of the You Yi Iron Block 50's best, is the best EL34. Screen test value flow between the 70-76mA (standard value is 70-100mA). Telefunken EF806S is the best in the world 6267. Because ultra-low noise, this vacuum was the company selected in the U67 Neumann microphone on the vacuum tube.EF86 EF806S and identical parameters, but the noise low, the effect of 100 times more than the British company Z729 GEC is upgrade both Quad II. The following figure is a brand new original black and white box EF806S QA with original factory, with "<>". Collection-level Acura.





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Telefunken ECC83 is the world's recognized quality 12AX7 tube. Hang screen and sliding screen is divided into two types. Most of the mainland and the Hong Kong Hang screen tube enthusiasts that sound better than the slip-screen control, in fact, more balanced sound sliding screen tube, both ends of the extension better, but IF charming pit screen tube, is more attractive. Sliding screen top with an early version of the "T"-type of mica, the sound is more in the dynamic, high dynamic performance is more comfortable. The figure ECC83 for the sliding screen, the bottom of the test value of 95% with "<>", Berlin factory production. .





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Telefunken ECC82 divided into sliding screen and pit screen version. Sliding screen version is divided into the top of the t-mica and no version. Slide the screen version of the overall sound balance, good analytical ability of extension, and slide the screen version of MICA T sound sense of air than no version better, but the scarcity of volume of production. Full screen version of the pit with t-mica, sound frequency prominent, extending slightly worse at both ends. The following figure ECC82 as hang at the bottom of the screen, with "<>, measurements of up to 95%, Telefunken Berlin factory.





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Telefunken 12AX7 ECC803S is king, there is no a 12AX7 tube can match it. I'm afraid all the praise of the text used to describe its advantages of not too. Telefunken's ECC803S extremely low noise, each tube factory have been aging test, were more than 50,000 hours life, one-time investment, never to be replaced. But price is very expensive, precision matched tubes is as high as 10,000 yuan or more a pair. The figure is the "high price" of management. .





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Telefunken E88CC is second only to our world of CCa best 6DJ8 tube. Provides a great balance of sound, with a delicate texture of LF, MF, and air, a very strong high-frequency extension. Absolute reference to the level of the sound. Telefunken E88CC/CCa earlier smooth oblique 45 degrees cooling ring bracket, sound better, but is extremely rare. The following figure is a brand new original E88CC black cartridge, Ulm factory production, and the bottom band "<>, early oblique 45 degree smooth cooling ring bracket version. With the tube with the original factory warranty books, pipe body encoding and tube box and certificate. Measured values of up to 100% . .





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WE (Western Electric)-from the West to the world's largest phone company AT&T's manufacturing sector, and close the vacuum tube production line in 1988.


After 1935, WE300B before formally launching the successful design, its purpose is not simply the production as a movie theater power amplifier used, a greater purpose behind it is to use as a telephone communications. WE300B first developed to be used in long distance telephone communications relay stations upon which the signal amplifier, power supply systems of the voltage control tube.Because this type of voltage control tube must be designed into a grid control, you can change the power supply, stable voltage parts, enabling communications equipment in power and stability of the smooth operation of the valves in the screen voltage performance must be linear, therefore more suitable for use in "true Vocality audio product to reproduce". If the linear theory of work, this world would probably have little what active zoom components with WE300B par. Partly because of stringent quality control in the request, and the most sophisticated structural design, making WE300B from 1935 to 1988 to stop production, with more than half a century hardly any repair time. .


Early Western Electric flag on the socket, but later etching forming the yellow printing. In a nutshell: the more early production, the more difficult to look at the more expensive WE300B. Unless the collector sells like buy American West between 1988 and in 1935 to WE300B NOS tube production. Even in the rare foreign ebay online selling, the price is also a pair of tens of thousands of dollars. The following figure is a new version of the American West to 07 years WE300B, pipe design basic retain their original appearance.





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Ultron - Ultron Federal Republic of Germany is a Ah the special commission company. Including Telefunken, Siemens, Volvo, including a number of German companies are A and special tube OEM products. The figure is brand new original box Ultron ECC88 Germany, West Germany, production, testing, matched to 10%. .





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Ratheon Raytheon is an American electronic tube manufacturers. The company is a manufacturer of valve quality is stable and have a very high price, suitable for beginner users who have a fever.


The figure is Raytheon 5R4 (5Z3), a new original box, test the value exceeded 120%. .





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Tung-Sol-Sol is a well-known manufacturer of vacuum tubes, vacuum tube production started in the 1930s, 1932, the sale of its own design, and its product to the vacuum after World War II production. Flux salt company 6SL7 tube and RCA company XI Wan company 5691 and best 6SL7 tube. 40 years as well as the production of 6SL7 with graphite VT-229 tube, and its sound warm glass, if full, dynamic range and resolution. Tung Sol original production of 6550 (non-engraved version now Russia) has a very high standard, all the best sound in 6550, the longest life expectancy. Tung Sol 6550 has a very good low frequency control, it also has excellent voice thick with retrograde. As the 6550 and KT88 most direct substitution, relative Lion KT88, Sol 6550 through more cost-effective. The figure is the Tung-Sol 6550,. .





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The following figure is Tung-Sol 6SL7.





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The figure is the Tung-Sol 6SN7. .





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GEC — British GEC company's products in the 1930s gray screen best. 40-50 years in the production of carbon black screen version of the same block. In particular, is 5V U52 tube filament direct thermal peak, maximum output current 250mA, it sounds great, if sweet at the same time with the amazing dynamic expressiveness. GEC production company to maintain your own product-U52 also seen playing BMW as well as large shield trademark trademark shall have the same quality. UK production of GEC A2900 is the world's best 12AT7 tube. A2900 has a long life of 10000 hours at least, a huge black screen size class, the filament current of 100mA enhanced ability to increase the cathode emission. GEC A2900 3-layer mica 50's version sounds the best side of the loop, with a strong sense of music, full of beautiful low-frequency and high frequency. .


The following figure 2 MICA A2900 is, relatively low-frequency version 3 dive deeper, MICA version contraction speed, no microphone effect.





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GEC factory production Z729 series of UK EF86 best performance. The voice is warm and full, relatively large shield EF86 retained more details and dynamics. Z729 in order to better early fine mesh side ring, followed by fine mesh and coarse mesh ring ring. Late non-factory production Z729 less in quality. The figure is a fine network of original production side of the loop. Test 100%. .





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Old tube manufacturers in the UK production company GEC best ECC83 tube. The famous lion's famous B759 tube for GEC production short screen ring ECC83. GEC company ECC83 tube with British of all the advantages: sweet, rich, medium-frequency for the voice playback. At the same time, it also has excellent ends, large dynamic range, low noise, and other British brand tuble lacks merit. The following figure is a GEC short screen ring with batch encoding ECC83 "7J. The measured noise is very low.





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UK production of the world's best GEC KT88 tubes, the world-famous Golden Lion Genalex KT88 company that produced by the GEC. GEC company always strict quality control, each tube through rigorous screening before leaving the factory, the KT88 life to 5,000 hours. Even listening to three hours or more per day, you can guarantee the life span of 5 years, is Michael King Figure MC275, MC2000 devices such as Ming the best match. The figure is a new original production of the original box the British GEC KT88 tubes, three-getter version, the top one, side two. The pipe hit big shield trademark, the management body with a GEC factory "Z"。.





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GEC company produced ECC81 tube is less than their own reputation on the A2900, but the sound is still excellent. The intermediate frequency sweet, very suitable for playback voices, in addition to low frequency is also very rich. As the current is more than ordinary 12AT7 A2900 tube, the tube can not be used in the case, GEC of the ECC81 is the best option for heavy sound system needs. The figure ECC81 new plug, round getter, with batch coding 7B, matched to 5%. .





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GEC production KT66 is the world's best KT66, GEC for Golden Lion offers a wide range of vacuum tube for the latter filter for sale. If the beam injection tube sound, I'm afraid KT66 and KT88 are two special cases. KT66 power less than 6L6. New test for 65mA KT66, GEC figure in the 1960s British Z factory production, test parameters in General.





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Lorenz Lorenz Corporation Commission is West Germany. Standard Electric Lorenz later renamed the company. Lorentz company has its own production lines, including ECC81, ECC82, ECC83, etc., a large number of tube products with the German tube sound characteristics, precise, accurate, late East German foundry products. .





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RFT-former East German electron tube brand. This factory production of electron tube quality to closer to the quality of Sidney tube, especially EL84, Telefunken and Volvo common fertilizer rings, sound quality is also better than Russia, Eastern Europe, the Czech Tesla, etc. The brand often to other works manufactures. For example, to the Telefunken RFT ordered EL84. The following figure hit Telefunken and LORENZ trademark EL84 is RFT production.





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RFT production tube trademarks often play the "sheep's head", "tube shape", "WF", "FUNKWERK ERFURT" various markers. As shown below. .





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Tesla Tesla Tesla company is located in the former Czechoslovakia to JJ Tesla, production/tube so far. Early Tesla company of some products such as E83CC = ECC803S and ECC802S has and Telefunken very similar structure and orientation of the sound, but the price is cheaper, has the extremely high performance-price ratio. The following figure is a Tesla E83CC (ECC803S) and Telefunken ECC802S and the same model and the structure of the pipe.





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Tungsram-the century Europe Hungary Tungsram, can be said Philips subsidiary in Hungary, Tungsram classic tube sound system has a very good performance, Tungsram 60 or 70 years in the regular OEM for other European manufacturers. .


TUNGSRAM co., Ltd. was founded in 1896. TUNGSRAM trademark registration in the 1909. The word "TUNGSRAM" comes from the English and German name of tungsten (w + w). With this name the company would like to emphasize that this is all Tungsten, the world's first patent granted by the fact that it is engaged in the lighting business. November 15, 1989, General Electric announced that it after the second World War: the largest investment in Hungary to purchase 50% plus one share of capital stock Tungsram. Since then, GE has invested 100 million U.S. dollars in Hungary, production, technology, environmental protection, training - in the lighting business and other businesses. .


The following figure shows the process of playing Tungsram Telefunken trademarks and trademarks of Philips EL84.





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This shows the quality of Tungsram EL84 is also excellent. And the image above to play Tungsram trademark EL84 comparison, shows the same three manufacturing process - the wall with silver spots and dark spots. About this wall of silver spots and dark spots on the manufacturing process characteristics are Tungsram it. See the following figure Tungsram EF89 NOS tube as well. .





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Tungsram EL84 in outside praise is also very good, the price is not high, the money is associated to the CP values 蠻 high tubes. Hungary's good sound of classic films, sound is now in the escrow much better. For use of enthusiasts now in the escrow, Tungsram will from now in the escrow into classical pipe most economic good and accurate Huichol Tungsram EL84 tubes! 韻-low band beautiful taste than Mullard, but not very heavy, there is a concentrated concentrated flavor. Some people think that sense of deaf Tungsram 絕 to no more than a tech show root or other CERN pipe Johnson. The figure is made to fight the British Briman Tungsram trademarks and trademarks of the Siemens EL84. .





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The following figure is made of beaten Tungsram Siemens have trademarks and in 1973 the German Bundeswehr Falcon label EL84 — the same one black.





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300B tubes.


If the efforts of the industrial technology to make human life more progressive, more developed culture, then the history of industrial development there must be many worthy of our taste of the classics over and over again. Like the Volkswagen Beetle automobile, camera, binocular Leica M series cameras, Krupp coffee furnace, are evidence of the spread of time now, still a reputation outside the collection deserves a good thing.We focus on reproducing this highly humanism, in the test of time under what is the real "magic" classic success? I believe that many veteran audio player or industry veterans have the answers, the hearts also support their own adheres to the theory, in particular in the replay science and sound art, there are many wonderful exposition and worth careful consideration. However, there is a maximum of the "parts" to the ownership of the product, experienced more than half a century of time evolution and the development of science, but fame does not always fall, in the minds of many fans still plays sound dreamy look, that is so many fans are now reproducing the sound can not understand the myth --- 300B. .


.E W..., the birthplace of the 300B.


300B Zhezhi direct thermal origin of three tubes, the United States Western Electronics Western Electric in three ○'s patented design, so strictly speaking, now we see the many contending 300B species, only WE300B is genuine 300B authentic. Regardless of how others who call themselves the 300B excellent sound beyond the Western E1ectric original performance and so on, but in terms of history and the achievements of science and technology, 300B, the most correct name only "WE300B" a nothing.Until 1988 WE will shut down the production line 300B, by other electronic tube factory imitation product substitution.


In our modern digital audio and communication transmission technology, it is difficult to imagine a time when the three ○ years, wanted to "reprise of the original" how difficult it is to do. Was the most top scientists are all the world is a wilderness of communication technologies, and sound film sound technology as the first development of high-tech industries.The world's scientific and technological research and development units, will this benefit human life in the ICT priority development objectives, and as a pioneer in science and technology, as well as the telephone invented by Bell Labs Group subsidiaries, Western electronics in 1933 successfully launched WE300B this large direct type transistor, as sound cinema sound expansion machine the most important active component that is used to zoom in to the power to expand the fuselage 46C.


At that time, all the amplifier's power output is probably not more than three watts, and the lack of bandwidth Yan Zhong, Dui Yu Neng Ren accommodate hundreds of movie theaters, concert halls, or more large-scale large-scale Kongjianlaiyue Deng, a mere 3 and Bu Neng Dai Wa to little real meaning. The WE's engineers, in the 46C which used only one WE300 for single-ended amplification circuit design, will have to expand the function about five watts of power, at that time was already considered gone with this super power of the master, worthy of that is sound in the history of a great move. With more efficiency than 105dB horn speakers, the sound of public radio project possible.In other words, is one of the few WE300 designed for audio industries in the development of active components.


It is worth mentioning that our present form of industrial industries, is to separate the manufacture of parts and finished products, that is a major manufacturer of finished products, must have required more than complement each other upstream and downstream firms to back its production or OEM other main parts, not a finished product by a manufacturer to complete production design alone, this is because the progress of the industry bring "division of labor" model of industrial. But in mid 三 ○'s industrial design that have the characteristics of raw materials in advance to create parts to begin the design finished, so 46C is a small number of power amplifier or even the only choice to use WE300 tubes.There are probably WE300 disappeared, only in some literature devoted to the tubes in occasionally mentioned.


Immediately after the WE300 is improved in early 1935 designed WE300A the enhanced version, and the overall structure more perfect, the output power can be up to upgrade. WE300A was used in the model for the body 86A of the power amplifier, single-ended power output of the amplification line is about 6 watts or so, use the same sound as a movie theater sound equipment power amplifier. WE300A exterior design and the current WE300B almost only in the direction of tube socket slightly different cone angle.The cone is located in the direction of WE300A two pair of Midway, the majority of domestic 300B is also true for but Orthodox WE300B direction cone is biased towards the left approximately 43 degrees position, with regard to the other shape difference is not significant.


After 1935, WE300B before formally launching the successful design, its purpose is not simply the production as a movie theater power amplifier used, a greater purpose behind it is to use as a telephone communications. WE300B first developed to be used in long distance telephone communications relay stations upon which the signal amplifier, power supply systems of the voltage control tube.Because this type of voltage control tube must be designed into a grid control, you can change the power supply, stable voltage parts, enabling communications equipment in power and stability of the smooth operation of the valves in the screen voltage performance must be linear, therefore more suitable for use in "true Vocality audio product to reproduce". If the linear theory of work, this world would probably have little what active zoom components with WE300B par. ..


WE300B at the time with the power amplifier are the most to fans and 300B mounted to send the most exciting thing since the Model 91 and Model 86, the former is also used for the structure of a WE300B the most simple and stable single-ended line output, the power stroke to enhance eight watts; while the latter uses two WE300B for more powerful push-pull output, the output can reach 15 watts. .


Durable products.


To business strategy at the time WE do not sell the power amplifier to the cinema industry or personal use, but rather to provide for rental of sound cinema. The reason is WE300B very high price at the time, just a tube may need time, our workers even half a month's salary at the time quite inadequate material and economic conditions, can only rent manner.While the Model 91 became a classic of audio history, in addition to the prices, because WE engineers in order to reduce the rent when future maintenance problems, and to avoid failures to the cinema effect arising from the business, equipment stable, age and other characteristics that require a very high standard. So until now, there are still many Model 91 in classical music fans at home continue to use, even with little trouble.


Partly because of stringent quality control in the request, and the most sophisticated structural design, making WE300B from 1935 to 1988 to stop production, with more than half a century hardly any time to repair, Until recently, AT & T Group (WE's parent company) at the request of the parties to audio enthusiasts, will WE300B production line re-operation, surprisingly did not change WE300B structure and materials, and even invited back to the original production WE300B mechanics, be sure to obtain the system make authentic replica WE300B.Understanding WE300B industrial development achievements so noble, but also a very successful product, design and development engineers WE300B is great!, the current number of industrial products to the test after 50 years without failure?, today there are no commercial conditions, production can continue again, probably except WE300B, not much to see!.


Download (32. .6 KB). .


2008-10-12 09: 17.


Today 300B tube types and characteristics. .


Since 1988 WE to inadequate manufacturing costs, and no commercial interests, closed the last line WE300B allows only must use 300B audio industry, had to find another production. In the United States, Cetron tubes among factories, WE Early technical support already received and continue to produce consistent WE300B specifications Cetron 300B, but for the high manufacturing costs, and the tube is still the need for manual assembly are industrial products made live in the United States in areas such an artificial high, not mass production 300B tubes. So have Cetron electronic tube factory Rechardson companies have to seek cheaper production methods, continue to produce 300B to supply the market demand.So to still continue the mass production of tubes of China Hunan shuguang electron tube factory, manufacturing 300B production technology, continue to conform to the specifications for the production of copies, WE300B first Aurora production 300B is familiar Golden tube 300B.


Early dragon pipe hanging out the low prices and attractive packaging, resulting in a major stir on the market, but also because of its exaggerated low prices, making the price of 300B tube machine also significantly reduced, no longer like before so high can not climb, so want to have fantastic crew audio fans, the condition can afford to try the next long-cherished wish. Hunan Shuguang factory in China to join, so as to popularize the 300B tube machine, pipe dragon contributed. After the dragon pipe replaced that marked the dawn of the home-made 300B of the trademark.The many efforts to develop the 300B tube machine manufacturers have to dawn factory in Hunan, China ordered his own 300B tubes, one of the most famous Taiwanese ESTi most CAI hongren visit Guangxi liuzhou electron tube plant intervention 300B-production process, and to change many of the features that extend out similar like 4300B, various different homemade 300B varieties, and even send output screen structure is different, the cathode material of various makes of deformation 300B market can choose many kinds to 300B 10 above.


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2008-10-12 09: 17.


300B various contention. .


In this wave of global 300B, spearheaded by the Sovtek tubes is the Russian factory, in the production WE again, before the introduction of mock WE300B WE300B appearance and specifications of the Sovtek 300B. As before the Sovtek tubes produced in addition to low prices, the quality and stability are also many, it was released at once, causing panic buying in the market: investment in Russia, the United States later on OEM production of Svetlana SV300B, is also high quality and stable , but the advantages of low price, prompt to enter the audio market. .


There is also a rather peculiar vacuum tube factory is the production of VV30B Vaic Valve and is known as the former VV300B physically beat on many of the newest WE300B, single-ended A class line framework can output up to 18 watts of power, while the latter is available on the market in order to comply with the conditions of use of most 300B, design production conform to the specifications of the WE300B, you can replace any equipment directly used. Whether or VV300B VV30B appearance and internal structure and WE300B different from the other 300B whether China or Russia, the products are labeled as the closest original WE300B performance, and even deliberately stressed that he is to comply with the traditional method brewing, Only Vaic Valve production VV30B special emphasis on their unique (actually prove whether the performance of the material structure and voice features also WE300B different), but after the design and production VV300B yet to meet market demand.Because of the split part, which evolved into AV300B KR300B and. ..


WE300B is the only genuine all 300B, and AT & T Group in 1996 (?) Years before re-production WE300B, want to find a pair of brand new never used WE300B is almost impossible. Because most of the WE300B were Japanese plundered a space, put the shelves in Akihabara for persons, "looked" (because the price is really expensive to soft). Even some U.S. manufacturing 300B tube machine manufacturers, had to turn back to the Japanese at a higher price. .


Early Western Electric flag on the socket, and later the etching process is used for printing. In a nutshell: the more early production, the more difficult to look at the more expensive WE300B. (Such as earlier WE300A treated better is indescribable). But it's all in the AT&T group after relaunch WE300B changed, although the price is still impressive, but managed to consolidate WE300B market order, make money easily buy top quality workmanship WE300B stability. Despite doubts WE's "Bumiechuanshuo" if three people into the tiger, are everywhere suspected, but the 300B spread in the world of legend and reputation, are described in genuine WE300B. .


In Europe (including Russia) yet until production 300B Cetron 300B is the only quality can * and easy to acquire 300B varieties. Plus the price is not high, so deeply 300B fans love and esteem. Because the production technology of ancestor Cetron since WE, therefore, whether the structure or material, and the most approximate WE300B, including sound performance is also very close to the WE300B. However compared with real WE300B, Cetron 300B can only be said to be making steady alternatives. With the introduction of the factory after the response to copy, Cetron's reputation and reduce the price a lot. After a popular after, Cetron tube plant or to avoid the fate of not being time-out, result in the termination of production, making the latter part of Cetron 300B because the quality is quite critical of much worse than before. Even after the final shutdown of Cetron sold Cetron 300B, is said to be selected or eliminated before the product inventory, making Cetron 300B's reputation has slowly vanished along. .


Homemade 300B.


If talk about this wave of 300B's comeback, like 400 years ago, the development of the Italian Renaissance in general fanaticism, the biggest reason, than launch low-cost Chinese 300B tubes. 300B makes the sound fans dream to achieve, and domestic 300B is simply the biggest player in the trend of tube sound. .


Early domestic 300B without further testing, filtering, and so the process quality control of circulation, the quality has been unstable. However, subsequent shuguang factory in the heart of the investment and technology transfer, manufacturing quality is getting better and better, and even launch characteristics of different structures differ in diverse variants 300B for consumer choice.


Domestic 300B in structure and WE300B not the same, the biggest difference is the difference between the filament structure. WE300B is the use of classical filament suspension, using metal hooks fixed filament cathode filament resistance can be fine-tuning.While domestic 300B is a progressive way, spring-suspension of fixed filament, the advantage is you can significantly reduce the tedious manual, compared to mass production, but the way spring-suspension on the cathode filament could not be carried out in the work of the internal resistance of the fine-tuning, filament heating temperature average is more serious, that is a lot of domestic 300B filament lit after brightness is not the main reason for the average.


Dawn will then launch a series of different manufacturing plant forms 300B, using ancient techniques which have a fixed way to fix the filament suspension of varieties, so that the sound performance closer to WE300B; and to screen extremely coated graphite to increase the screen very efficient varieties; There are also more advanced version is to screen a very plated titanium, it is also extremely efficient increase in screen, and can increase life span.Regardless of how to change domestic 300B internal structures, in principle, it is best to purchase homemade 300B has tested after the selection of products, although the price is slightly expensive but after the product selected in the sound of the performance, or use the term is guaranteed on the comparison.


Announced its intention to re-produce in the WE after WE300B so many 300B fans excited, but for various reasons, WE announced the indefinite extension of time must be listed, they allow fans to once again banking on grievances 300B endless. In this lean time, Sovtek sponsored by the U.S. funds, announced the development and production of imitation WE Sovtek specifications Sovtek 300B, and within a very short time the official market, and with excellent quality and low price as a call makes the tube sound of the market once again be an uproar.This wall was printed on red flag Sovtek started as 300B introduction of quantity, the price in the market is relatively high, a little bit about homemade 300B doubled in price. But after a large number of operators to introduce gradually decline, prices rose to a subordination of one to two homemade 300B into price point. Structurally, Sovtek 300B filament suspension similar to the way of domestic, same 300B spring suspension performance, sound more firm, with a variety of homemade 300B comparison is clearly in the sound of the performance is more superior. However Sovtek 300B also face because mass production, and makes the stability of manufacturing quality can not meet consumer demand, which is optional Sovtek 300B must pay attention to. .


JJ /Tesla 300B。.


JJ / Tesla 300B just went out of business by the former Czechoslovak state-owned tube factory ----- Teslovak / Tesla separate branch of production of the new Slovak 300B, white magnetic tube seat, tube-shaped and slim, single-tube maximum output up to 15-20W, prices Sovtek 300B and 300B made between quality than stable. View just listed, are reflected in the domestic market is hard to trace, I believe not too long that there are many manufacturing 300B tube machine manufacturers to adopt.It is reported to have Cary and Unison and other well-known manufacturers have introduced the use of single JJ/Tesla 300B. tube machine Because the output capacity is strong, and sounds better quality, JJ/Tesla 300B is a relatively competitive 300B star. 2009-5-10 21: 28.